Transmitter and transmission method for transmitting payload data and emergency information

ABSTRACT

A transmitter for transmitting payload data and emergency information using data symbols in a single-carrier or multi-carrier broadcast system includes a modulator configured to modulate one or more transmission symbols with signaling data for use in detecting and recovering the payload data at a receiver and to modulate one or more transmission symbols with the payload data. An emergency information receiver receives emergency information carrying information of an actual emergency. An emergency information embedder embeds emergency information into one or more transmission symbols, wherein the emergency information is embedded within a predetermined time period after its reception by using a resource used for carrying signaling data and/or payload data if no emergency information shall be transmitted. A transmission unit transmits the transmission symbols.

BACKGROUND Field of the Disclosure

The present disclosure relates to a transmitter and a correspondingtransmission method for transmitting payload data and emergencyinformation using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed symbols. Thepresent disclosure relates further to a receiver and a correspondingreceiving method for detecting and recovering payload data and emergencyinformation from a received signal.

Description of Related Art

There are many examples of radio communications systems in which data iscommunicated using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM).Television systems which have been arranged to operate in accordancewith Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) standards for example, use OFDMfor terrestrial and cable transmissions. OFDM can be generally describedas providing K orthogonal narrow band subcarriers (where K is aninteger) which are modulated in parallel, each subcarrier communicatinga modulated data symbol such as Quadrature Amplitude Modulated (QAM)symbol or Quadrature Phase-shift Keying (QPSK) symbol. The modulation ofthe subcarriers is formed in the frequency domain and transformed intothe time domain for transmission. Since the data symbols arecommunicated in parallel on the subcarriers, the same modulated symbolsmay be communicated on each subcarrier for an extended period. Thesubcarriers are modulated in parallel contemporaneously, so that incombination the modulated carriers form an OFDM symbol. The OFDM symboltherefore comprises a plurality of subcarriers each of which has beenmodulated contemporaneously with different modulation symbols. Duringtransmission, a guard interval filled by a cyclic prefix of the OFDMsymbol precedes each OFDM symbol. When present, the guard interval isdimensioned to absorb any echoes of the transmitted signal that mayarise from multipath propagation.

As indicated above, the number of narrowband carriers K in an OFDMsymbol can be varied depending on operational requirements of acommunications system. The guard interval represents overhead and so ispreferably minimized as a fraction of the OFDM symbol duration in orderto increase spectral efficiency. For a given guard interval fraction,the ability to cope with increased multipath propagation whilstmaintaining a given spectral efficiency can be improved by increasingthe number K of subcarriers thereby increasing the duration of the OFDMsymbol. However, there can also be a reduction in robustness in thesense that it may be more difficult for a receiver to recover datatransmitted using a high number of subcarriers compared to a smallernumber of subcarriers, because for a fixed transmission bandwidth,increasing the number of subcarriers K also means reducing the bandwidthof each subcarrier. A reduction in the separation between subcarrierscan make demodulation of the data from the subcarriers more difficultfor example, in the presence of Doppler frequency. That is to say thatalthough a larger number of subcarriers (high order operating mode) canprovide a greater spectral efficiency, for some propagation conditions atarget bit error rate of communicated data may require a higher signalto noise ratio than required for a lower number of subcarriers.

An effective and low latency emergency warning system (EWS) isconsidered to be a substantial element of a future terrestrial broadcastsystem, e.g. a future ATSC (Advanced Television Systems Committee)terrestrial broadcast system. It has been shown from the analysis oflarge scale emergency cases and natural catastrophes in the past that aterrestrial broadcast system can reach most people in the shortestpossible time. While the terrestrial broadcast system remainedoperational in the very most of the emergencies, mobile and cellularsystems often stopped their operation or have been overloaded and havetherefore been unable to inform people. For example, the last superstorm“Sandy” in the US Northeast demonstrated the fragile limits of cellphone networks during times of emergency. The importance of thebroadcasting infrastructure as the medium for rapid dissemination ofemergency information to the public in the event of natural disasters,man-made catastrophes, terrorist attacks, and similar events whichendanger the safety of the public has thus been emphasized.

The “background” description provided herein is for the purpose ofgenerally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of thepresently named inventor(s), to the extent it is described in thisbackground section, as well as aspects of the description which may nototherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neitherexpressly or impliedly admitted as prior art against the presentdisclosure

SUMMARY

It is an object to provide a transmitter and a correspondingtransmission method for very quickly and reliably transmitting emergencyinformation in a broadcast system. It is a further object to provide areceiver and a corresponding receiving method for very quickly andreliably detecting and recovering emergency information transmitted in abroadcast system.

According to an aspect there is provided a transmitter for transmittingpayload data and emergency information using data symbols in asingle-carrier or multi-carrier broadcast system, the transmittercomprising

-   -   a modulator configured to modulate one or more transmission        symbols with signaling data for use in detecting and recovering        the payload data at a receiver and to modulate one or more        transmission symbols with the payload data,    -   an emergency information receiver configured to receive        emergency information carrying information of an actual        emergency,    -   an emergency information embedder configured to embed emergency        information into one or more transmission symbols, wherein the        emergency information is embedded within a predetermined time        period after its reception by using a resource used for carrying        signaling data and/or payload data if no emergency information        shall be transmitted, and    -   a transmission unit configured to transmit the transmission        symbols.

According to a further aspect there is provided a receiver for detectingand recovering payload data and emergency information from a receivedsignal that has been transmitted using data symbols in a single-carrieror multi-carrier broadcast system, the receiver comprising

-   -   a detector configured to detect the received signal, the        received signal comprising the payload data and signaling data        for use in detecting and recovering the payload data, the        signaling data being carried by one or more transmission symbols        and the payload data being carried by one or more transmission        symbols, wherein emergency information carrying information of        an actual emergency is embedded into one or more transmission        symbols,    -   an emergency information detector configured to detect and        recover the emergency information from the one or more        transmission symbols,    -   a demodulator configured to recover the signaling data from the        one or more transmission symbol for recovering the payload data        from the one or more transmission symbols, and    -   an emergency information output configured to output the        emergency information and/or predetermined emergency output        information provided for being output in case of the detection        of emergency information.

According to a still further aspect a transmitter for transmittingpayload data and emergency information using data symbols in amulti-carrier broadcast system, the transmitter comprising:

-   -   a modulator configured to modulate one or more transmission        symbols with signaling data for use in detecting and recovering        the payload data at a receiver and to modulate one or more        transmission symbols with the payload data,    -   an emergency information receiver configured to receive        emergency information carrying information of an actual        emergency,    -   an emergency information embedder configured to embed emergency        information into one or more transmission symbols modulated with        payload data, wherein the emergency information is embedded        within a predetermined time period after its reception by        providing a number of additional subcarriers carrying said        emergency information, said subcarriers being provided at an        edge of the spectrum used for transmission and/or spread across        the subcarriers carrying the payload data, and    -   a transmission unit configured to transmit the transmission        symbols.

According to still further aspects a corresponding transmission methodand a corresponding receiving method are provided. Finally, a computerprogram comprising program means for causing a computer to carry out thesteps of the methods disclosed herein, when said computer program iscarried out on a computer, as well as a non-transitory computer-readablerecording medium that stores therein a computer program product, which,when executed by a processor, causes the methods disclosed herein to beperformed are provided.

Preferred embodiments are defined in the dependent claims. It shall beunderstood that the disclosed methods, the disclosed computer programand the disclosed computer-readable recording medium have similar and/oridentical preferred embodiments as the claimed transmitter and/orreceiver and as defined in the dependent claims.

One of the aspects of the disclosure is to provide a realistic EWSsignaling solution, including various advantageous embodiments forembedding the required emergency information (also referred to as EWSsignaling data hereinafter) in a most effective, robust and low-complexway into the signal to be transmitted.

The disclosed solution is preferably focusing on a low latency,preferably a more or less instant (e.g. with a delay of less than 1 sec,preferably less than 500 msec, even more preferably less than 100 msec),EWS functionality with very basic and fundamental information on theemergency event. This holds for both the transmitter side and thereceiver side, i.e. the emergency information shall be processed suchthat it is transmitted with very low latency and that it can be receivedand decoded with very low latency. This basic and ‘instant’ EWSfunctionality can easily be combined with other existing or futureemergency warning systems that may operate on upper layers (for exampleas part of the transport stream, e.g. embedded in signaling data PSI/SI)or come with an increased latency. For instance, the very quicklytransmitted and decoded emergency information may comprise a link tomore detailed information (e.g. more precise and detailed locationinformation about the location of the emergency event, instructions whatto do, etc.) about the emergency event that is transmitted with somelatency, which is acceptable for such more detailed information.

In a preferred embodiment, the transmission and reception, respectively,of actual emergency information is combined with an additionalfunctionality for signaling of an emergency event by use of an emergencyindicator enabling a detection of an emergency event also for low powerreceivers.

In another embodiment it is proposed that the emergency information(and/or predetermined emergency output information provided for beingoutput in case of the detection of emergency information) is output onlyif both the emergency indicator and the emergency information have beensuccessfully detected, since the alert might be foreseen for a differentregion. Hence, according to this embodiment the overall EWS delay is thesum of the detection delay (i.e. the delay for detecting the emergencyindicator) and the decoding delay (i.e. the delay for detecting anddecoding the emergency information). Further, it also decreases theprobability of false detections, if combined detection and decoding areapplied before outputting an emergency alert.

The proposed solution can generally be applied in multi-carrierbroadcast systems, such as an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed(OFDM) based broadcast system, in which the signaling data and thepayload data are modulated onto OFDM symbols each being carried bymultiple subcarriers, and in single-carrier broadcast systems, such as asingle carrier QAM or an 8-level vestigial sideband (8-VSB) modulation,in which the signaling data and the payload data are modulated ontotransmission symbols each being carried by a single carrier.

The foregoing paragraphs have been provided by way of generalintroduction, and are not intended to limit the scope of the followingclaims. The described embodiments, together with further advantages,will be best understood by reference to the following detaileddescription taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A more complete appreciation of the disclosure and many of the attendantadvantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes betterunderstood by reference to the following detailed description whenconsidered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 shows a general block diagram of a transmitter according to thepresent disclosure,

FIG. 2 shows a diagram illustrating performances of proposed 64 k codesin AWGN channel,

FIG. 3 shows a diagram illustrating the performance of proposed 16 kcodes in AWGN channel,

FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of the FEC part of a transmitter,

FIG. 5 shows an example plot of the BER performance for uniform 1024-QAMand related non-uniform constellations (NUC) with CR ½,

FIG. 6 shows diagrams illustrating the NUC shapes (1024-QAM NUC),

FIG. 7 shows 16-QNUC optimized for 7 dB SNR and 64-QNUC optimized for 10dB SNR and 15 dB SNR,

FIG. 8 shows embodiments of a transmitter including means for generationof an EWS detection signal,

FIG. 9 shows an embodiment of a receiver detection block of the EWSdetection signal,

FIG. 10 shows a diagram illustrating different EWS signaling options,

FIG. 11 shows an embodiment of a transmitter including means forgeneration of EWS signaling data,

FIG. 12 shows an embodiment of the embedding of EWS signaling data intoa transmission symbol,

FIG. 13 shows a diagram illustrating the payload PLP BER performance ofDVB-T2 for different TI depths,

FIG. 14 shows a diagram illustrating the payload PLP performance fordifferent EWS insertion methods,

FIG. 15 shows the time domain characteristics of the preamble symbol,

FIG. 16 shows an embodiment of a transmitter side time-domain approachfor the generation of the preamble symbol,

FIG. 17 shows an embodiment of a transmitter side frequency-domainapproach generation of the preamble symbol,

FIG. 18 shows a diagram illustrating retrieving the L1 block on CM sidefrom an arbitrary tuning position,

FIG. 19 shows an embodiment of a framing structure,

FIG. 20 shows system transmission examples comprising single frametypes,

FIG. 21 shows broadband transmissions beyond 6 MHz,

FIG. 22 shows a frame starting and a frame closing pattern for SISO,

FIG. 23 shows an embodiment of a time-interleaver,

FIG. 24 shows an embodiment of enhanced single frequency networkprocessing,

FIG. 25 shows a normal OFDM encoding chain and an OFDM encoding chainwith spectral shaping and pre-distortion,

FIG. 26 shows a diagram illustrating power spectral density of the OFDMsignal after filtering with and without linear pre-distortion in thefrequency domain,

FIG. 27 shows a 0 dB echo (2 tap FIR filter) for spectral shaping of anOFDM signal,

FIG. 28 shows an embodiment of a MIMO receiver,

FIG. 29 shows a diagram illustrating the principle of Redundancy onDemand,

FIG. 30 shows a more detailed diagram illustrating the principle ofRedundancy on Demand,

FIG. 31 shows a diagram illustrating Redundancy on Demand based onIncremental Redundancy,

FIG. 32 shows a diagram illustrating the insertion of EWS carriers onthe edges of payload symbols,

FIG. 33 shows a diagram illustrating the insertion of EWS carriers thatare spread within payload symbols,

FIG. 34 shows another embodiment of a transmitter including means forgeneration of EWS signaling data,

FIG. 35 shows a schematic diagram illustrating an arrangement of abroadcast transmission network,

FIG. 36 shows a schematic block diagram of a signature sequencegenerator according to one embodiment,

FIG. 37 shows schematic block diagrams of a receiver for detecting andrecovering signaling data from a signaling OFDM symbol, of a frequencysynchronization detector, of a preamble guard interval, of a coarsefrequency offset synchronization detector, and of a differentialencoder,

FIG. 38 shows a schematic block diagram of one example of a preambledetection and decoding processor which forms part of the receiver shownin FIG. 37 a,

FIG. 39 shows a schematic block diagram of an example of a signaturesequence remover which forms part of the preamble detection and decodingprocessor shown in FIG. 38,

FIG. 40 shows a schematic block diagram of a matched filter and of asignature sequence remover,

FIG. 41 shows a schematic block diagram illustrating a circuit fordetecting a coarse frequency offset in the receiver of FIG. 37 a,

FIG. 42 shows a table showing example parameters of operation of thetransmitter shown in FIG. 8 b,

FIG. 43 shows a schematic block diagram and part operational diagramschematically illustrating a formation of the preamble OFDM symbol bythe transmitter of FIG. 8 b,

FIG. 44 shows a schematic block diagram of a receiver for detecting asignature sequence of a received signal, which has been transmitted bythe transmitter of FIG. 8 b,

FIG. 45 shows a schematic block diagram of a signaling decoder of thereceiver shown in FIG. 44 providing an example embodiment of the presenttechnique,

FIG. 46 shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a transmitteraccording to the present disclosure,

FIG. 47 shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a receiveraccording to the present disclosure,

FIG. 48 shows an example of a 64 k LDPC code for an exemplary code rate,and

FIG. 49 shows an example of a 16 k BCH code for an exemplary code rate.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

Embodiments of the present disclosure can be arranged to form atransmission network for transmitting signals representing dataincluding video data and audio data so that the transmission networkcan, for example, form a broadcast network for transmitting televisionsignals to television receiving devices. In some examples the devicesfor receiving the audio/video of the television signals may be mobiledevices in which the television signals are received while on the move.In other examples the audio/video data may be received by conventionaltelevision receivers which may be stationary and may be connected to afixed antenna or antennas.

Television receivers may or may not include an integrated display fortelevision images and may be recorder devices including multiple tunersand demodulators. The antenna(s) may be inbuilt to television receiverdevices. The connected or inbuilt antenna(s) may be used to facilitatereception of different signals as well as television signals.Embodiments of the present disclosure are therefore configured tofacilitate the reception of audio/video data representing televisionprograms to different types of devices in different environments.

As will be appreciated, receiving television signals with a mobiledevice while on the move may be more difficult because radio receptionconditions will be considerably different to those of a conventionaltelevision receiver whose input comes from a fixed antenna.

Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals designateidentical or corresponding parts throughout the several views, anexample illustration of a television broadcast system is shown in FIG.35. In FIG. 35 broadcast television transmitters 1001 are shown to beconnected to a broadcast gateway 1002. The broadcast gateway 1002transmits signals from transmitters 1001 within a coverage area providedby the broadcast network. The television broadcast network shown in FIG.35 operates as a so called single frequency network in which each of thetelevision broadcast transmitters 1001 transmit the radio signalsconveying audio/video data contemporaneously so that these can bereceived by television receivers 1004 as well as mobile devices 1006within a coverage area provided by the broadcast network. For theexample shown in FIG. 35 the signals transmitted by the broadcasttransmitters 1001 are transmitted using Orthogonal Frequency DivisionMultiplexing (OFDM) which can provide an arrangement for transmittingthe same signals from each of the broadcast stations 1002 which can becombined by a television receiver even if these signals are transmittedfrom different transmitters 1001. Provided a spacing of the broadcasttransmitters 1001 is such that the propagation time between the signalstransmitted by different broadcast transmitters 1001 is less than ordoes not substantially exceed a guard interval that precedes thetransmission of each of the OFDM symbols then a receiver device 1004,1006 can receive the OFDM symbols and recover data from the OFDM symbolsin a way which combines the signals transmitted from the differentbroadcast transmitters 1001. Examples of standards for broadcastnetworks that employ OFDM in this way include DVB-T, DVB-T2 and ISDB-T.

The following disclosure provides the description of a system,particularly for the physical layer of ATSC 3.0 (to which the presentdisclosure is not limited, but is only used for exemplary explanation).It is partly based on the DVB-T2 standard (EN 302 755 V1.3.1, Framestructure channel coding and modulation for a second generation digitalterrestrial television broadcasting system (DVB-T2), April 2012). Ituses preferably an advanced LDPC FEC encoding as well as OFDMmodulation. Further, additional technologies are disclosed to improvethe throughput and robustness of digital terrestrial transmissions aswell as the inclusion of a low latency emergency warning system.Complexity and memory usage have been reduced to make implementationeasier.

The following aspects of the proposed system will be explained in moredetail below:

-   -   Non-Uniform Constellations (NUC) targeting higher throughput,        capacity and robustness;    -   LDPC and BCH codes which target higher throughput, capacity and        robustness;    -   A preamble, providing increased flexibility, more signaling        capacity, and also integrating the detection functionality of an        emergency warning system (EWS) for low power consumption;    -   EWS signaling—being embedded into the data stream without        interruption of the transmitted services;    -   Flexible framing, allowing to mix several frame types as well as        to cover different bandwidths;    -   New Pilot Patterns, reducing the capacity loss as well as        limiting complexity;    -   A PAPR reduction scheme, improving the transmission efficiency        of the OFDM system;    -   Redundancy on Demand, enabling a differentiator for hybrid TV        receivers.

In an exemplary, non-limiting embodiment described in the following thesupported input formats to the physical layer are MPEG 2 TransportStream (TS) as well as IP streams. One or several of these streams mapto one Physical Layer Pipe (PLP). The baseband packets of each PLP arescrambled and fed into the BICM (Bit Interleaved Coding and Modulation)encoder. In a first step the baseband packets are LDPC and BCH encoded.The following bit interleaver guarantees best possible combinedperformance of FEC encoding and the following QAM mapping. QAMconstellations sizes from QPSK up to 1024-QAM are proposed to cover therelevant SNR range. Non Uniform Constellations provide an additionalshaping gain compared to conventional uniform constellations.

After the QAM mapper a time interleaver is inserted to enhanceperformance in time variant channels as well as to mitigate effects fromimpulse interferers. The proposed time interleaver reduces the memorysize while still allowing variable bit rates as well as seamlesshandling of discontinued PLPs.

Afterwards an optional MIMO encoding stage is inserted. eSFN (enhancedSingle Frequency Network) can be applied as rate 1 MIMO scheme. Spatialmultiplexing as a full rate 2 MIMO scheme is also proposed, where thenumber of transmit antennas is limited to two. The spatial multiplexingMIMO scheme can be improved by additional methods (such as eSM, phasehopping, etc. from DVB-NGH (DVB BlueBook A160, Next Generationbroadcasting system to Handheld, physical layer specification (DVB-NGH),November 2012)), which helps to improve the performance in morecorrelated channels as well as power imbalances.

The cells from the different PLPs are then scheduled and frequencyinterleaved. After pilot insertion the framing stage combines thepreamble with its embedded L1 signaling with the payload symbols. Theproposed system supports a variety of different channel bandwidths, as amultiple of the standard bandwidth (e.g. n*6 MHz). Similar as in DVB-T2,the chosen framing format supports different frame types. It istherefore possible to arbitrarily mix large FFT size frames forstationary TV, lower FFT size frames for mobile TV as well as ‘FutureExtension Frames’ within one RF channel.

Finally the input symbols are OFDM modulated, A/D converted andup-converted to the transmission RF frequency.

The concept of ‘absolute OFDM’ is adopted from DVB-C2 (EN 302 769V1.2.1, Frame structure channel coding and modulation for a secondgeneration digital transmission system for cable systems (DVB-C2), April2011). The L1 signaling blocks in the preamble and post-amble symbolsbegin at the absolute frequency of 0 MHz and are partitioned in steps of5.71 MHz. The signal across the different RF frequencies is defined in aunique way for the whole spectrum. It should be noted that the pilotsequences of the OFDM signal are unique for every frequency. The reasonfor this is to avoid unwanted repetitions in the frequency domain whichmay cause unwanted high peak values of the OFDM signal in the timedomain.

Furthermore the system includes a low latency ‘Emergency Warning System(EWS)’, which allows signaling the occurrence of an emergency eventwithin less than 100 msec. The detection of the EWS event can be doneeven by receivers in standby mode, by very simple and low-powerprocessing of the preamble symbols only. The EWS signaling data in caseof an emergency event is inserted into the frames in a way that allowscontinued decoding of the services (i.e. no service interruption in caseof an emergency event).

FIG. 1 shows a general block diagram of a transmitter 1 of a proposedsystem according to the present disclosure. Various technical aspects ofthe system, in particular the transmitter and the receiver, will beexplained using exemplary, non-limiting examples of parameters andstructural elements by which said technical aspects may be implemented.

Input format and PLP processing will now be described. Prior to the modeadaptation 10 there is a pre-processing block (not shown) that performsa similar function as in DVB-T2. The allowed input streams are MPEG 2Transport Stream (TS) as well as IP streams. In general, all types ofstreams can be handled by encapsulation into IP or TS packets.Processing of transport streams (TS) is done in a similar way as inDVB-T2, while for encapsulating IP streams an enhanced and simplifiedglue layer is described below. The pre-processor breaks up anymulti-program transport streams (MPTS) into its constituent singleprogram transport streams (SPTS) separating out the SI meta-data to betransported separately. These streams are then encapsulated and fed intothe mode adaptation block. For each input streams, the mode adaptationproduces a stream of baseband frames (BBFRAMES) that are then carried ina single Physical Layer Pipe (PLP). The SI meta-data after dueencapsulation exits the mode adaptation as a common PLP.

The re-combination of a common and data PLP for one service (MultiplePLP) has shown some complexity in T2 implementations, especially on thereceiver side, and so a more simple method may be supported in thetransmitter. There is some linkage signaled for PLPs that are relatedand the form of relationship is also signaled.

The system allows to group PLPs, e.g. to support SVC (scalable videocoding) if required. However, the number of PLPs involved is limited. Inaddition to the common PLP, different PLPs can be associated to eachother. In this system Type 1 PLPs are preferably used to allow for lowpower reception with time slicing as well as to limit system complexity.

IP input processing will now be described. The mechanism for input of IPpackets is more difficult than TS packets, since the size of IP packetsvaries dynamically. Protocols such as GSE (ETSI TS 102 606-1 and −2:“Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Generic Stream Encapsulation (GSE)Protocol”) have attempted to overcome this by proposing an intermediateencapsulation protocol with a standardized header and mechanism forinput of multiple protocols. However, this method has several drawbacks,not the least of which is the large memory required at the receiver tocope with all possible combinations of input. Furthermore, the largenumber of possible inputs has made simple implementation in hardwareneedlessly difficult.

In the disclosed system, while retaining the generic input capabilitiesof GSE, in consideration of the fact that the packet size is restrictedto 1500 bytes for an IPv2 MTU, the input packet size is restricted toless than 1800 bytes, and the number of packet fragments is restricted.By implementing these restrictions, the maximum memory and theprocessing burden is greatly reduced.

Bit Interleaved Coding and Modulation (BICM) will now be described.First, forward error correction (FEC) will be described. In thedisclosed system advanced coding comprising a concatenated LDPC and BCHcode (64 k and 16 k codeword size) is used in a BCH encoder 11 and anLDPC encoder 12. The proposed codes have a similar structure to thoseused in DVB-T2, in which the information part has quasi-cyclic structurewith a parallel factor and the parity part has a repeat accumulatestructure, allowing for easier implementation of equipment whichsupports multiple standards. The new codes have increased performancecompared to DVB-T2 codes. FIG. 2 shows the performances of proposed 64 kcodes in AWGN channel; FIG. 3 shows the performance of proposed 16 kcodes in AWGN channel. An example of a 64 k LDPC code for an exemplarycode rate is shown in FIG. 48 and an example of a 16 k BCH code for anexemplary code rate is shown in FIG. 49. The new codes are allocated ina very wide range of SNR with equidistant steps, so that they canprovide freedom to choose parameters suited to various channelenvironments, avoiding large efficiency losses. The range can beenhanced more by combinations with various kinds of constellations,including the higher order non-uniform constellations outlined below.The concatenated BCH codes assure lower error floors for high-throughputservices such as UHDTV or SHV. Furthermore, the 4 k LDPC code fromDVB-NGH is used for signaling protection of the preamble symbol.

The bit interleaver 13 will now be described. A bit interleaver isproposed to be used in this system, in a similar manner to those usedfor DVB-T2. This bit interleaver 13 preferably comprises three parts, asshown in the block diagram of FIG. 4 showing the elements of the FECencoder: parity interleaver 131, column twist interleaver 132, anddemultiplexer 133. The main purpose of having parity interleave is toreduce the damage of deep fade caused by multi-path environment and tolet parity bits part have quasi-cyclic structure for parallel operationsin receiver side. The column twist interleaver can also scatter thedamage of deep fades, whilst the demultiplexer can optimize thecombination between a set of LDPC code bits and a bit level of a certainrobustness defined by constellation and bit labeling.

Non-Uniform Constellations used by the QAM encoder 14 will now bedescribed. In particular, the optimization of QAM constellation byconstellation shaping, which is also known as Non-Uniform Constellations(NUC), will be described.

The NUCs proposed in this document have been optimized to offer bestpossible BICM capacity in an AWGN and Rayleigh channel for different SNRvalues. They cover all constellations from 16-QAM up to 1024-QAM (asQPSK allows no constellation shaping). The tables list theconstellations for different QAM sizes and SNR values. The predeterminedconstellations are defined by the constellation position vectoru_(1 . . . v), wherein v=sqrt(M)/2−1.

In the following the definition of the NUC position vectors obtained byuse of the above described approach is provided for some values of M.The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is always denoted in dB and correspondsto the average SNR in case of fading channels.

-   a1) 16-QAM or 4-PAM for a non-fading channel (1. option)

SNR 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 u₁ 1.00011.0001 1.0002 1.1550 1.6201 1.9580 2.2633 2.5594 2.8411 3.0980 3.33573.5294 3.6712 3.7520 SNR 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.512.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 u₁ 3.7812 3.7480 3.6736 3.5998 3.5184 3.4446 3.38183.3239 3.2786 3.2407 3.2109 3.1793 3.1581 3.1390 SNR 14 14.5 15.0 15.516.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0 u₁ 3.1219 3.1078 3.09643.0819 3.0774 3.0665 3.0579 3.0528 3.0485 3.0423 3.0411 3.0333 3.0521

-   a2) 16-QAM or 4-PAM for a fading channel (1. option)

SNR 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 u₁ 1.62891.8484 2.0415 2.2247 2.3853 2.5335 2.6736 2.7962 2.8980 2.9832 3.05933.1169 3.1616 3.1973 SNR 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.512.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 u₁ 3.2180 3.2334 3.2427 3.2473 3.2477 3.2463 3.24363.2388 3.2312 3.2291 3.2224 3.2149 3.2129 3.2055 SNR 14 14.5 15.0 15.516.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0 u₁ 3.2036 3.1976 3.19533.1917 3.1854 3.1853 3.1803 3.1799 3.1761 3.1712 3.1715 3.1721 3.1711

-   a3) 16-QAM/4-PAM for a non-fading channel (2. option)

SNR/u 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 u1 1.0001 1.0001 1.00021.155 1.6201 1.958 2.2633 2.5594 2.8411 3.098 3.3357 3.5294 3.6712 3.752SNR/u 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 u1 3.7812 3.7483.6736 3.5998 3.5184 3.4446 3.3818 3.3239 3.2786 3.2407 3.2109 3.17933.1581 3.139 SNR/u 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5 19 19.5 20 u13.1219 3.1078 3.0964 3.0819 3.0774 3.0665 3.0579 3.0528 3.0485 3.04233.0411 3.0333 3.0521

-   a4) 16-QAM/4-PAM for a fading channel (2. option)

SNR 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 u1 1.6289 1.8484 2.04152.2247 2.3853 2.5335 2.6736 2.7962 2.898 2.9832 3.0593 3.1169 3.16163.1973 SNR 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 u1 3.2183.2334 3.2427 3.2473 3.2477 3.2463 3.2436 3.2388 3.2312 3.2291 3.22243.2149 3.2129 3.2055 SNR 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5 19 19.520 u1 3.2036 3.1976 3.1953 3.1917 3.1854 3.1853 3.1803 3.1799 3.17613.1712 3.1715 3.1721 3.1711

-   b1) 64-QAM or 8-PAM for a non-fading channel (1. option)

SNR 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 u₁ 1.0000 1.0022 1.0009 1.19451.4265 1.7169 2.0784 2.4886 2.8098 2.9798 3.0657 3.0895 3.0744 u₂ 2.67993.6839 3.7714 3.5638 3.6893 3.9984 4.4060 4.8482 5.2018 5.4093 5.51005.4881 5.3864 u₃ 3.4087 3.6839 3.7779 4.6322 5.4024 6.2400 7.1114 7.92628.4762 8.7005 8.7024 8.4935 8.1750 SNR 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 2829 30 u₁ 3.0557 3.0409 3.0309 3.0244 3.0180 3.0140 3.0153 3.0107 3.00012.7744 2.2837 3.0137 1.9278 u₂ 5.2889 5.2157 5.1647 5.1260 5.0979 5.07665.0685 5.0403 5.0254 4.5265 3.3188 5.1307 3.2632 u₃ 7.8949 7.6816 7.52657.4114 7.3213 7.2517 7.2083 7.1286 7.1277 6.6760 5.0386 6.6178 4.4151

-   b2) 64-QAM or 8-PAM for a fading channel (1. option)

SNR 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 u₁ 1.0353 1.1062 1.2092 1.34511.5409 1.8112 2.1208 2.3945 2.6067 2.7560 2.8505 2.9120 2.9496 u₂ 2.82062.9015 3.0799 3.2980 3.5826 3.9386 4.3237 4.6577 4.9074 5.0773 5.16745.2201 5.2393 u₃ 3.4534 3.9220 4.4154 4.9297 5.5069 6.1594 6.8108 7.34757.7177 7.9488 8.0398 8.0680 8.0538 SNR 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 2829 30 u₁ 2.9751 2.9907 3.0032 3.0055 3.0126 3.0124 3.0136 3.0165 3.01563.0158 3.0160 3.0180 3.0183 u₂ 5.2491 5.2493 5.2489 5.2365 5.2375 5.22475.2182 5.2165 5.2098 5.2070 5.2040 5.2036 5.1995 u₃ 8.0217 7.9849 7.95287.9035 7.8862 7.8443 7.8194 7.8046 7.7839 7.7661 7.7620 7.7569 7.7566

-   b3) 64-QAM/8-PAM for a non-fading channel (2. option)

SNR 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 u1 1.0007 1.0017 0.7353 0.99971.0002 0.9998 1.0001 1 1.1927 1.4264 1.7169 2.0738 2.4886 2.8112 u21.0005 1.0004 1.0005 2.2657 2.8429 3.337 3.6717 3.7738 3.5613 3.69053.9984 4.3992 4.8482 5.2041 u3 0.9998 0.9999 1.4855 2.2642 2.842 3.33673.6718 3.775 4.6253 5.4009 6.24 7.1031 7.9262 8.4801 SNR 14 15 16 17 1819 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 u1 2.9803 3.0658 3.089 3.0745 3.0551 3.04083.0308 3.0234 3.0183 3.0146 3.0117 3.006 2.9999 3.0181 u2 5.4101 5.50995.4876 5.3868 5.288 5.2157 5.1639 5.1262 5.0982 5.0776 5.0613 5.04675.0116 5.0174 u3 8.7018 8.7025 8.4931 8.1754 7.8925 7.6814 7.5255 7.40937.3204 7.2536 7.2029 7.156 7.1015 7.12 SNR 28 29 30 u1 3.1429 2.58782.6804 u2 5.2147 4.0051 4.2638 u3 7.481 5.6207 5.7796

-   b4) 64-QAM/8-PAM for a fading channel (2. option)

SNR 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 u1 1.0353 1.1062 1.2092 1.34511.5409 1.8112 2.1208 2.3945 2.6067 2.756 2.8505 2.912 2.9496 2.9751 u22.8206 2.9015 3.0799 3.298 3.5826 3.9386 4.3237 4.6577 4.9074 5.07735.1674 5.2201 5.2393 5.2491 u3 3.4534 3.922 4.4154 4.9297 5.5069 6.15946.8108 7.3475 7.7177 7.9488 8.0398 8.068 8.0538 8.0217 SNR 19 20 21 2223 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 u1 2.9907 3.0032 3.0055 3.0126 3.0124 3.01363.0165 3.0156 3.0158 3.016 3.018 3.0183 u2 5.2493 5.2489 5.2365 5.23755.2247 5.2182 5.2165 5.2098 5.207 5.204 5.2036 5.1995 u3 7.9849 7.95287.9035 7.8862 7.8443 7.8194 7.8046 7.7839 7.7661 7.762 7.7569 7.7566

-   c1) 256-QAM or 16-PAM for a non-fading channel (1. option)

SNR 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 u₁ 1.0097 1.0665 1.0768 1.09301.1066 1.0503 1.0278 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0256 1.1132 u₂ 1.02431.4150 1.2578 1.4817 1.7257 1.9773 2.1334 2.3571 2.6866 2.8218 2.94843.0100 3.0828 u₃ 1.0300 1.6034 1.2587 1.5300 1.7257 1.9773 2.1334 2.36222.7092 2.8892 3.1149 3.2249 3.4673 u₄ 2.6821 3.3596 3.4255 3.7766 3.91384.1612 4.3125 4.4722 4.8316 4.9033 5.1366 5.2497 5.4373 u₅ 2.6821 3.35963.4255 3.7766 3.9375 4.1734 4.4861 4.8450 5.3535 5.5528 5.8510 6.05346.5183 u₆ 3.3063 4.0879 4.3286 4.6970 5.0898 5.6363 6.3912 6.8392 7.60857.9200 8.3122 8.4791 8.8521 u₇ 3.6820 4.7573 4.7284 5.4489 6.2380 6.56757.7493 8.8112 10.0024 10.6021 11.1960 11.3836 11.7747 SNR 18 19 20 21 2223 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 u₁ 1.3440 2.0909 2.7505 2.9606 3.0120 3.01763.0142 3.0104 3.0073 3.0054 3.0042 3.0022 2.9919 u₂ 3.2921 4.0957 4.80955.0402 5.0981 5.0934 5.0719 5.0525 5.0386 5.0269 5.0222 5.0150 5.0017 u₃4.0379 5.5745 6.8101 7.2061 7.2981 7.2676 7.2042 7.1500 7.1120 7.08457.0663 7.0475 7.0199 u₄ 5.9945 7.7068 9.1334 9.6065 9.6891 9.5883 9.44609.3305 9.2485 9.1897 9.1488 9.1103 9.0581 u₅ 7.5727 9.9098 11.748712.3192 12.3427 12.1129 11.8445 11.6314 11.4793 11.3645 11.2861 11.215811.1448 u₆ 9.9517 12.7455 14.9217 15.4925 15.3646 14.9269 14.470414.1111 13.8500 13.6527 13.5110 13.3957 13.2816 u₇ 13.0332 16.395418.9099 19.3657 18.9656 18.2095 17.4738 16.8947 16.4666 16.1368 15.897515.6946 15.5305

-   c2) 256-QAM or 16-PAM for a fading channel (1. option)

SNR 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 u₁ 1.0356 1.0100 1.0290 1.02191.0329 1.0094 1.0111 1.0000 1.0000 1.0001 1.0246 1.1185 1.3950 u₂ 1.38281.3870 1.5299 1.4838 1.7668 1.9127 2.1472 2.2908 2.4733 2.6105 2.70922.8453 3.1765 u₃ 1.3992 1.3870 1.5492 1.4838 1.7668 1.9127 2.1472 2.30512.5255 2.7354 2.9390 3.2706 3.9636 u₄ 3.0045 3.1253 3.3047 3.3824 3.73093.9074 4.1429 4.3242 4.5173 4.6739 4.8281 5.1438 5.9227 u₅ 3.0045 3.14493.3048 3.4113 3.7801 4.0235 4.3590 4.7401 5.0524 5.3659 5.7359 6.31407.4309 u₆ 3.6491 4.1004 4.3581 4.6594 5.1755 5.6876 6.0417 6.6189 7.03047.3939 7.7768 8.4290 9.7743 u₇ 4.3373 4.5258 4.9468 5.3793 5.9000 6.62717.4630 8.7179 9.2916 9.7803 10.2831 11.1015 12.7817 SNR 18 19 20 21 2223 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 u₁ 1.8520 2.2282 2.4888 2.6609 2.7728 2.84312.8888 2.9170 2.9375 2.9504 2.9593 2.9671 2.9692 u₂ 3.7148 4.1544 4.45974.6629 4.7937 4.8730 4.9250 4.9552 4.9771 4.9892 4.9973 5.0074 5.0060 u₃4.9210 5.6758 6.1947 6.5358 6.7533 6.8809 6.9632 7.0090 7.0410 7.05547.0668 7.0806 7.0767 u₄ 7.0428 7.9073 8.4842 8.8475 9.0687 9.1840 9.25159.2802 9.2999 9.2969 9.2999 9.3060 9.2919 u₅ 8.9081 10.0295 10.765811.2198 11.4828 11.6084 11.6720 11.6871 11.6912 11.6733 11.6622 11.661011.6332 u₆ 11.5661 12.8870 13.7176 14.1966 14.4408 14.5284 14.540714.5072 14.4683 14.4127 14.3708 14.3439 14.2915 u₇ 14.9910 16.563717.4984 17.9831 18.1769 18.1849 18.1070 17.9950 17.8844 17.7634 17.670717.6011 17.5056

-   c3) 256-QAM/16-PAM for a non-fading channel (2. option)

SNR 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 u1 0.9987 1 0.8555 0.9986 1.00070.9999 1 1.0001 1.1538 1.2053 1.1098 1.0113 0.9755 0.961 u2 0.99950.9988 0.6438 0.999 1.0022 1.0008 0.9997 1 1.3318 1.4592 1.5806 1.85112.1909 2.5454 u3 1.0006 1.0012 0.7241 0.9997 1.0003 0.9994 1.0002 11.1537 1.2044 1.4081 1.7918 2.1934 2.5919 u4 1.0014 0.9977 0.9802 2.27012.8454 3.336 3.6707 3.7727 4.0051 4.1314 3.8919 3.9933 4.2942 4.6269 u50.9994 0.9966 0.8403 2.261 2.8447 3.3359 3.6718 3.7726 3.5919 3.74493.8725 4.2278 4.6785 5.1556 u6 0.9984 0.9972 1.2098 2.2574 2.8455 3.33813.6727 3.7737 4.0063 4.1297 4.7175 5.7442 6.5854 7.3386 u7 1.0001 0.99961.4732 2.265 2.8465 3.3369 3.6713 3.7738 5.9093 6.4423 6.812 7.64288.6591 9.7477 SNR 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 u1 0.96530.9856 1.0251 1.1128 1.3449 2.0965 2.7527 2.9608 3.012 3.0177 3.01433.0103 3.0079 3.0062 u2 2.7901 2.9261 3.0106 3.0821 3.2917 4.1039 4.8115.0404 5.0984 5.0934 5.0717 5.0526 5.0399 5.0306 u3 2.88 3.0661 3.22523.4662 4.0382 5.5877 6.8118 7.2066 7.2996 7.2675 7.2034 7.15 7.11347.0869 u4 4.8939 5.0926 5.2509 5.436 5.9941 7.7231 9.1364 9.6073 9.69079.5882 9.4452 9.3304 9.2506 9.1924 u5 5.5283 5.7961 6.055 6.5161 7.57369.9317 11.7532 12.3202 12.3438 12.1129 11.8432 11.6313 11.4811 11.3712u6 7.8908 8.2396 8.4806 8.8492 9.9513 12.7737 14.9274 15.4938 15.364814.9271 14.4683 14.1107 13.8529 13.661 u7 10.5917 11.0972 11.385311.7713 13.0322 16.4337 18.9135 19.3674 18.9636 18.2094 17.4708 16.894216.4697 16.1476 SNR 28 29 30 u1 3.0044 3.0038 3.003 u2 5.023 5.01785.0128 u3 7.067 7.0512 7.0407 u4 9.1486 9.1126 9.0893 u5 11.2883 11.221711.1749 u6 13.5157 13.3981 13.3164 u7 15.9014 15.7029 15.5677

-   c4) 256-QAM/16-PAM for the fading channel (2. option)

SNR 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 u1 0.9798 0.9967 0.9947 0.99711.0007 1.03 1.0688 1.0762 1.0537 1.0342 1.0147 0.9992 0.9918 0.9922 u20.8908 1.0016 0.9934 1.0006 0.9987 1.0588 1.1381 1.2317 1.3585 1.52251.7405 2.0063 2.2615 2.4654 u3 0.9072 1.0041 0.9993 1.0003 0.9997 1.02951.0664 1.1441 1.2863 1.4689 1.7111 2.0037 2.2873 2.5275 u4 1.4244 2.05392.4036 2.6739 2.9049 3.019 3.2106 3.239 3.2891 3.4602 3.7019 3.99664.2761 4.5013 u5 1.3906 2.0371 2.3593 2.6731 2.9097 2.6841 2.8603 3.06273.3005 3.5807 3.9182 4.3056 4.6871 5.0312 u6 1.5899 2.024 2.3535 2.67622.8921 3.0205 3.2171 3.6521 4.2742 4.8242 5.3945 5.997 6.5483 7.0034 u71.6351 2.042 2.3973 2.6721 2.8859 3.9489 4.5222 5.0297 5.6081 6.2717.0282 7.8489 8.6107 9.2424 SNR 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2627 u1 0.9989 1.0259 1.1155 1.3963 1.8534 2.2282 2.4891 2.6619 2.77292.8437 2.889 2.9176 2.9379 2.9516 u2 2.6086 2.7135 2.8419 3.1795 3.71754.1541 4.4608 4.664 4.7936 4.8758 4.9257 4.956 4.9778 4.9933 u3 2.73072.9443 3.2659 3.9675 4.9244 5.676 6.197 6.5386 6.7531 6.8857 6.96397.0096 7.0412 7.064 u4 4.6692 4.8339 5.1383 5.9281 7.0475 7.9072 8.48628.8521 9.0685 9.1906 9.253 9.282 9.3008 9.3117 u5 5.3576 5.7413 6.30827.4353 8.9135 10.0292 10.7694 11.2248 11.4823 11.6157 11.6732 11.688111.6943 11.6904 u6 7.3828 7.7887 8.4196 9.7825 11.5726 12.8864 13.721714.2018 14.4402 14.5326 14.5421 14.508 14.472 14.4315 u7 9.7612 10.293811.0879 12.7927 15.0009 16.5632 17.5017 17.9894 18.1764 18.1926 18.117217.9984 17.8904 17.7896 SNR 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 u12.9597 2.9661 2.9708 2.9726 2.9757 2.979 2.9795 2.9803 2.981 2.9822.9813 2.9795 2.9788 u2 4.9991 5.0047 5.0081 5.009 5.0124 5.0173 5.01455.016 5.0165 5.0165 5.0154 5.0085 5.0096 u3 7.0698 7.0758 7.0795 7.07957.0819 7.0887 7.0822 7.086 7.086 7.0867 7.0883 7.0759 7.0772 u4 9.30299.2996 9.2958 9.2878 9.2861 9.2921 9.2787 9.2803 9.2787 9.2784 9.27859.2623 9.2664 u5 11.668 11.6526 11.6385 11.6222 11.6137 11.6142 11.596911.5934 11.5903 11.5892 11.5893 11.5636 11.561 u6 14.3754 14.333314.2955 14.2621 14.2394 14.2301 14.2009 14.1909 14.1835 14.1804 14.17314.1335 14.1421 u7 17.6749 17.5886 17.5132 17.4498 17.4048 17.374917.3292 17.307 17.2908 17.2734 17.2633 17.208 17.2206

-   d1) 1024-QAM or 32-PAM for a non-fading channel (1. option)

SNR 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 u₁ 1.0067 1.0148 1.0507 1.0476 1.01981.0464 1.0909 1.0037 1.0187 1.0148 1.0251 u₂ 1.0380 1.0523 1.0845 1.08351.0373 1.0701 1.0910 1.0428 1.0711 1.1108 1.2863 u₃ 1.0695 1.0949 1.10461.1376 1.0754 1.0813 1.1644 1.0447 1.0807 1.1364 1.2891 u₄ 1.6402 1.83472.0518 2.5314 2.6729 2.9275 3.0920 2.9924 3.0361 3.0693 3.3256 u₅ 1.67411.9096 2.1058 2.5742 2.7200 2.9512 3.1966 3.0105 3.0631 3.0902 3.3296 u₆1.6802 1.9096 2.1287 2.5742 2.7278 3.0476 3.2399 3.1832 3.3080 3.44183.9436 u₇ 1.7120 1.9314 2.1552 2.6395 2.7641 3.0980 3.3711 3.1850 3.31333.4430 3.9450 u₈ 3.7616 3.9751 4.2512 4.6900 4.7720 5.0430 5.3006 5.16665.2248 5.3743 5.9219 u₉ 3.7988 4.0277 4.3122 4.7622 4.8209 5.1017 5.41565.1666 5.2248 5.3743 5.9219 u₁₀ 3.7988 4.0671 4.3749 4.8789 5.01445.5053 5.8716 5.8269 5.9842 6.2741 7.2272 u₁₁ 3.8518 4.1230 4.39054.8870 5.0144 5.5054 5.8716 5.8763 6.0961 6.4804 7.4547 u₁₂ 4.87325.3269 6.0182 6.8091 7.0796 7.6797 8.0443 7.9004 7.9850 8.3476 9.4109u₁₃ 4.9607 5.3481 6.0182 6.8466 7.0905 7.6878 8.1462 8.2883 8.38568.9683 10.1262 u₁₄ 5.5363 5.9883 6.7380 7.6823 8.1294 8.8170 9.36909.9247 10.1499 11.0046 12.4646 u₁₅ 5.7097 6.5205 7.2058 8.0785 8.43039.8312 10.9109 11.9003 12.0120 13.4835 15.2549 SNR 19 20 21 22 23 24 2526 27 28 29 u₁ 1.0024 1.0006 1.0016 1.0005 1.0031 1.0346 1.2687 2.56882.9137 2.9903 3.0038 u₂ 1.7107 2.5479 2.8831 2.9838 3.0077 3.0243 3.21744.5722 4.9309 5.0103 5.0225 u₃ 1.7141 2.5515 2.8832 2.9845 3.0245 3.11353.6704 6.2334 6.8977 7.0454 7.0642 u₄ 3.6770 4.5909 4.9553 5.0538 5.06155.0609 5.4996 8.2567 8.9703 9.1297 9.1403 u₅ 3.6786 4.5909 4.9553 5.07045.1383 5.3184 6.3316 10.0819 11.0442 11.2591 11.2602 u₆ 4.8209 6.42387.0286 7.1835 7.1646 7.1593 8.0505 12.1692 13.2274 13.4612 13.4368 u₇4.8209 6.4274 7.0642 7.2914 7.4407 7.8023 9.3361 14.2128 15.4757 15.744115.6806 u₈ 6.8262 8.6260 9.3012 9.4393 9.3945 9.5457 11.0297 16.452317.8558 18.1316 18.0048 u₉ 6.8553 8.7222 9.5195 9.8531 10.1506 10.773112.6757 18.7884 20.3719 20.6408 20.4242 u₁₀ 8.6131 10.9071 11.748611.9625 12.0642 12.5104 14.5305 21.3353 23.0690 23.2947 22.9559 u₁₁8.9135 11.4255 12.5514 13.0881 13.5886 14.2704 16.5415 24.1089 25.976126.1177 25.6206 u₁₂ 11.0009 13.7880 14.9096 15.3045 15.6473 16.312418.7922 27.1742 29.1347 29.1436 28.4455 u₁₃ 11.9746 15.2957 16.942517.5792 17.9741 18.6433 21.3263 30.5883 32.5987 32.4209 31.4714 u₁₄14.5395 18.2064 19.8795 20.4586 20.7562 21.3536 24.2238 34.4505 36.462036.0306 34.7706 u₁₅ 17.7040 21.9252 23.6632 24.0824 24.1747 24.620227.6622 38.9891 40.9391 40.1627 38.5012 SNR 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 3839 40 u₁ 3.0029 3.0028 3.0023 3.0037 3.0010 3.0022 2.9991 3.0009 2.96302.7120 2.4609 u₂ 5.0173 5.0132 5.0104 5.0116 5.0054 5.0074 5.0111 5.00494.9499 4.2412 3.3493 u₃ 7.0495 7.0372 7.0285 7.0273 7.0167 7.0181 7.03287.0073 6.9154 5.8741 4.7174 u₄ 9.1072 9.0800 9.0612 9.0527 9.0358 9.03499.0456 9.0153 8.8955 7.6262 6.4878 u₅ 11.1981 11.1476 11.1119 11.093311.0668 11.0584 11.0454 11.0325 10.8427 8.9624 7.7169 u₆ 13.3309 13.246513.1864 13.1515 13.1108 13.0955 13.0779 13.0621 12.7897 10.8692 8.5130u₇ 15.5146 15.3830 15.2899 15.2330 15.1738 15.1445 15.0931 15.101314.7269 12.0858 9.8751 u₈ 17.7592 17.5659 17.4290 17.3407 17.256617.2099 17.1422 17.1488 16.6081 13.7050 11.5486 u₉ 20.0760 19.804019.6107 19.4829 19.3658 19.2996 19.1878 19.2029 18.5568 15.1881 12.4136u₁₀ 22.4791 22.1087 21.8439 21.6641 21.5065 21.4089 21.2611 21.279220.1847 16.9468 14.2051 u₁₁ 24.9859 24.4938 24.1410 23.8963 23.686323.5530 23.3458 23.3490 21.2990 18.7549 15.1350 u₁₂ 27.6192 26.979326.5155 26.1908 25.9177 25.7334 25.4559 25.4652 24.3404 20.4199 16.3718u₁₃ 30.4127 29.5936 28.9967 28.5657 28.2131 27.9698 27.6069 27.629325.1817 20.6889 18.1707 u₁₄ 33.4269 32.3855 31.6180 31.0614 30.602030.2801 29.8393 29.8551 28.0675 24.2726 18.9363 u₁₅ 36.7956 35.467734.4795 33.7493 33.1451 32.7195 32.0437 32.1466 29.1598 25.0126 20.2944

-   d2) 1024-QAM or 32-PAM for a fading channel (1. option)

SNR 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 u₁ 1.0003 1.0000 1.0000 1.0011 1.0000 1.00001.0006 1.0000 1.0002 1.0043 1.0108 u₂ 1.0003 1.0049 1.0163 1.0196 1.02081.0308 1.0214 1.0390 1.0252 1.0803 1.1627 u₃ 1.0027 1.0254 1.0360 1.03811.0582 1.0725 1.0400 1.0475 1.0286 1.1088 1.1942 u₄ 1.0164 1.0686 1.13001.2102 1.2704 1.3984 1.4402 1.5327 1.6809 1.9443 2.2594 u₅ 1.0277 1.07041.1395 1.2359 1.2821 1.4126 1.4586 1.5465 1.6972 1.9733 2.3050 u₆ 1.04561.0894 1.1495 1.2553 1.2994 1.4417 1.4951 1.5465 1.7362 2.0279 2.4395 u₇1.0487 1.1132 1.1734 1.2757 1.3364 1.4849 1.5096 1.5503 1.7364 2.05602.4406 u₈ 1.9738 2.1671 2.3628 2.5480 2.7476 3.0647 3.1661 3.3174 3.57673.8954 4.3049 u₉ 2.0526 2.1986 2.4403 2.6234 2.8083 3.1166 3.2014 3.34033.5857 3.9143 4.3315 u₁₀ 2.0663 2.2340 2.4536 2.6234 2.8196 3.14583.2015 3.3860 3.6394 4.0486 4.6119 u₁₁ 2.1022 2.2898 2.5070 2.68362.8698 3.1887 3.2388 3.3919 3.6572 4.0846 4.6119 u₁₂ 2.4454 2.68942.9825 3.2145 3.4803 3.8713 4.0826 4.4221 4.8650 5.3735 6.0449 u₁₃2.5537 2.7750 3.0830 3.2993 3.6342 4.0375 4.1566 4.4677 4.8650 5.37356.1193 u₁₄ 2.7190 2.9743 3.3004 3.5711 3.9845 4.3829 4.6192 4.98325.4362 6.1354 6.8700 u₁₅ 2.8164 3.1340 3.3947 3.7517 4.0778 4.52404.8297 5.2517 5.7299 6.6103 7.5087 SNR 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21u₁ 1.0206 1.0240 1.0158 1.0030 1.0094 1.0165 1.0109 1.0003 1.0009 1.00431.0003 u₂ 1.0739 1.1088 1.2267 1.0173 1.0577 1.1641 1.3963 1.6842 2.08932.3787 2.5628 u₃ 1.1015 1.1366 1.2493 1.0173 1.0632 1.1895 1.4131 1.68632.0899 2.3793 2.5641 u₄ 2.3031 2.5070 2.7823 2.6207 2.7531 2.9022 3.17983.5239 3.9928 4.3337 4.5385 u₅ 2.3307 2.5226 2.8092 2.6267 2.7580 2.92223.1944 3.5282 3.9930 4.3342 4.5580 u₆ 2.3962 2.6229 3.0150 2.7411 2.98103.3589 3.9199 4.5765 5.3853 5.9529 6.2800 u₇ 2.4238 2.6526 3.0349 2.74702.9811 3.3605 3.9203 4.5765 5.3906 5.9865 6.3991 u₈ 4.3380 4.5737 4.94614.6738 4.8680 5.2293 5.8532 6.6194 7.5215 8.1146 8.4195 u₉ 4.3743 4.61274.9764 4.6738 4.8680 5.2293 5.8532 6.6415 7.6038 8.3211 8.8558 u₁₀4.6129 4.9434 5.4050 5.3030 5.6793 6.3007 7.1684 8.1999 9.3413 10.108310.5973 u₁₁ 4.6129 4.9434 5.4050 5.3190 5.7268 6.4114 7.3330 8.51239.8455 10.8886 11.6792 u₁₂ 6.2332 6.6912 7.1932 7.0781 7.4631 8.12469.1671 10.4955 11.9313 12.9749 13.7196 u₁₃ 6.2378 6.7067 7.2143 7.43167.8792 8.7397 9.9527 11.6664 13.4007 14.6947 15.6090 u₁₄ 7.2044 7.75318.3908 9.0011 9.5503 10.5383 11.9678 13.9641 15.9024 17.3089 18.2685 u₁₅7.8925 8.6732 9.0513 10.9148 11.5100 12.7890 14.4376 16.9300 19.168020.7369 21.7475 SNR 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 u₁ 1.0002 1.07531.5871 2.0792 2.3953 2.5979 2.7284 2.8108 2.8638 2.8972 2.9205 u₂ 2.68212.8032 3.3595 3.9137 4.2801 4.5188 4.6763 4.7770 4.8432 4.8844 4.9121 u₃2.6985 2.9606 4.0489 5.0644 5.7316 6.1639 6.4450 6.6243 6.7411 6.81166.8624 u₄ 4.6475 4.8124 5.9653 7.0563 7.7599 8.2091 8.4995 8.6815 8.79918.8675 8.9155 u₅ 4.7447 5.1854 6.8626 8.3577 9.3324 9.9565 10.358810.6098 10.7698 10.8617 10.9265 u₆ 6.4363 6.7835 8.6319 10.2875 11.352912.0290 12.4603 12.7241 12.8892 12.9778 13.0422 u₇ 6.7723 7.5030 9.819611.8295 13.1294 13.9541 14.4760 14.7917 14.9857 15.0876 15.1596 u₈8.6146 9.2375 11.8029 14.0035 15.3949 16.2563 16.7886 17.0983 17.279717.3649 17.4228 u₉ 9.3840 10.3216 13.3049 15.8351 17.4372 18.423319.0262 19.3679 19.5628 19.6463 19.6994 u₁₀ 11.0496 12.0123 15.345918.1385 19.8764 20.9233 21.5442 21.8783 22.0561 22.1145 22.1450 u₁₁12.3712 13.5373 17.2964 20.4157 22.3392 23.4820 24.1409 24.4781 24.645924.6783 24.6849 u₁₂ 14.3775 15.6118 19.8018 23.2294 25.2925 26.477927.1285 27.4264 27.5506 27.5290 27.4931 u₁₃ 16.3759 17.7521 22.437426.2246 28.4576 29.7039 30.3509 30.6108 30.6865 30.6041 30.5122 u₁₄19.0535 20.5285 25.7859 29.9638 32.3556 33.6202 34.2212 34.3969 34.383534.2046 34.0347 u₁₅ 22.5334 24.1205 30.0937 34.7506 37.3202 38.578639.0930 39.1396 38.9925 38.6816 38.3850 SNR 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 u₁2.9354 2.9461 2.9539 2.9566 2.9625 2.9679 2.9706 2.9668 u₂ 4.9294 4.94304.9521 4.9535 4.9610 4.9733 4.9711 4.9647 u₃ 6.8891 6.9128 6.9279 6.93276.9441 6.9639 6.9598 6.9537 u₄ 8.9381 8.9612 8.9734 8.9760 8.9857 9.01179.0034 8.9914 u₅ 10.9554 10.9880 11.0022 11.0031 11.0166 11.0516 11.038111.0244 u₆ 13.0641 13.0956 13.1054 13.1036 13.1132 13.1541 13.133913.1153 u₇ 15.1815 15.2131 15.2214 15.2164 15.2267 15.2711 15.247515.2256 u₈ 17.4273 17.4495 17.4469 17.4330 17.4369 17.4818 17.450317.4219 u₉ 19.6952 19.7108 19.6985 19.6773 19.6762 19.7216 19.685519.6521 u₁₀ 22.1170 22.1128 22.0880 22.0535 22.0433 22.0913 22.037821.9943 u₁₁ 24.6327 24.6090 24.5689 24.5179 24.4941 24.5412 24.476224.4209 u₁₂ 27.3953 27.3392 27.2667 27.1957 27.1547 27.1976 27.109527.0355 u₁₃ 30.3630 30.2747 30.1682 30.0651 30.0017 30.0359 29.927929.8362 u₁₄ 33.8099 33.6615 33.5079 33.3683 33.2557 33.2767 33.141433.0224 u₁₅ 38.0516 37.8298 37.6071 37.3990 37.2354 37.2407 37.084536.9002 SNR 42 44 46 48 50 u₁ 2.9738 2.9727 2.9803 2.9747 2.9755 u₂4.9763 4.9704 4.9831 4.9798 4.9849 u₃ 6.9716 6.9620 6.9761 6.9699 6.9855u₄ 9.0140 8.9995 9.0169 9.0005 9.0175 u₅ 11.0516 11.0383 11.0596 11.027711.0471 u₆ 13.1460 13.1331 13.1545 13.0993 13.1231 u₇ 15.2595 15.245115.2638 15.1874 15.2293 u₈ 17.4578 17.4387 17.4605 17.3555 17.4128 u₉19.6900 19.6695 19.6999 19.5662 19.6282 u₁₀ 22.0331 22.0039 22.034621.8900 21.9543 u₁₁ 24.4634 24.4247 24.4522 24.2985 24.3779 u₁₂ 27.071227.0228 27.0504 26.8712 26.9537 u₁₃ 29.8692 29.7967 29.8201 29.612029.6794 u₁₄ 33.0482 32.9359 32.9517 32.7729 32.8541 u₁₅ 36.8842 36.725536.7204 36.5908 36.7169

-   d3) 1024-QAM/32-PAM for a non-fading channel (2. option)

SNR 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 u1 0.9992 0.9991 0.9626 0.99670.9967 0.9988 0.9997 1.0671 1.0969 1.0363 0.962 1.0001 0.9878 0.9942 u20.9957 0.9942 0.8697 0.9895 0.9965 0.9992 0.9989 1.1388 1.2043 1.21071.1702 0.9997 0.9747 0.966 u3 0.9965 0.9943 0.8971 0.99 0.9962 0.99910.9986 1.0674 1.0955 1.1639 1.2161 0.9996 0.9863 0.9719 u4 0.9971 0.99650.6648 0.99 0.9954 0.9994 1.0008 1.1386 1.2048 1.3562 1.4866 1.82642.2272 2.5533 u5 0.996 0.9939 0.6491 0.9905 0.9956 0.9997 1.001 1.21381.3242 1.4129 1.4414 1.848 2.2217 2.5387 u6 0.9992 1.0019 0.6995 0.99740.9977 0.9998 1.0017 1.1384 1.2058 1.2085 1.1751 1.8267 2.223 2.5691 u70.9999 1.0022 0.719 0.9994 0.9993 1.0004 1.0017 1.0667 1.0964 1.1621.2213 1.8066 2.2286 2.581 u8 1.0018 1.0047 0.9796 2.2704 2.8447 3.33393.6691 4.1038 4.3038 4.1189 3.88 3.962 4.3457 4.661 u9 1.0009 1.00430.9448 2.264 2.8416 3.334 3.6696 3.6418 3.8694 4.0902 4.1993 4.10974.4994 4.7046 u10 0.9975 0.9957 0.8525 2.2387 2.8354 3.336 3.672 3.41193.666 3.7746 3.802 4.2647 4.7161 5.1202 u11 0.9986 0.9982 0.8839 2.24052.8378 3.3375 3.6721 3.6428 3.8684 3.7435 3.6203 4.1131 4.5362 5.0343u12 0.9986 0.9963 1.2974 2.2393 2.8414 3.3349 3.6662 4.1042 4.30484.1203 3.8917 6.185 6.9957 7.2365 u13 0.9975 0.996 1.243 2.2388 2.8383.3348 3.6674 3.6422 3.8687 4.0904 4.2129 5.8337 6.7509 7.454 u14 1.0011.0011 1.4137 2.2601 2.844 3.335 3.6673 4.1032 4.3066 5.0379 5.57076.2198 7.2075 8.594 u15 1.0017 1.0022 1.4853 2.2698 2.8465 3.3339 3.66696.1624 6.9359 7.2501 7.4066 8.6211 9.7438 10.859 SNR 14 15 16 17 18 1920 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 u1 1.0007 1.0027 0.9981 0.9933 0.9936 0.999 11.0001 0.9973 1.0036 1.0338 1.2685 2.568 2.9124 u2 0.9694 0.9834 1.00861.0594 1.2188 1.7124 2.5469 2.8781 2.9836 3.0078 3.024 3.2172 4.57094.9289 u3 0.9681 0.9811 1.0101 1.0676 1.2263 1.7139 2.5465 2.8764 2.98373.0244 3.1126 3.6704 6.2313 6.8942 u4 2.7737 2.9007 2.9741 3.0241 3.1593.6872 4.5907 4.9456 5.0494 5.0625 5.0597 5.4996 8.2546 8.9668 u5 2.77142.9125 2.9988 3.0553 3.1727 3.6864 4.5862 4.9442 5.0663 5.138 5.31756.3322 10.0797 11.0396 u6 2.8418 3.0307 3.1789 3.35 3.7479 4.8324 6.4177.0146 7.1785 7.1643 7.1579 8.0513 12.1665 13.2221 u7 2.846 3.02183.1519 3.3116 3.7215 4.8226 6.4211 7.0502 7.2858 7.4383 7.8018 9.336714.2096 15.4697 u8 4.9072 5.0916 5.2328 5.352 5.6798 6.8426 8.61959.2808 9.4323 9.3928 9.5449 11.0304 16.4487 17.8497 u9 4.8825 5.03255.1573 5.2795 5.6568 6.8702 8.7174 9.4992 9.8449 10.1481 10.7709 12.676818.7845 20.3652 u10 5.4415 5.6696 5.8553 6.1215 6.9014 8.6299 10.895711.7222 11.9532 12.0621 12.5094 14.5322 21.3307 23.0612 u11 5.45 5.76676.0273 6.3484 7.1423 8.9474 11.4173 12.5228 13.0769 13.586 14.268416.5436 24.1032 25.9674 u12 7.6047 7.8958 8.1046 8.3161 9.0363 11.023113.7773 14.8757 15.2913 15.6441 16.3101 18.7948 27.1676 29.1243 u138.0146 8.4122 8.6722 8.9298 9.7542 12.0148 15.2835 16.9016 17.563317.972 18.6404 21.3291 30.5806 32.5873 u14 9.6267 10.3424 10.796811.1339 12.0444 14.5782 18.1947 19.8327 20.4394 20.7517 21.3511 24.227134.4413 36.4503 u15 11.9177 12.7867 13.3749 13.7814 14.8151 17.753221.9096 23.606 24.0612 24.1702 24.6165 27.6663 38.9792 40.9267 SNR 28 2930 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 u1 2.9902 3.0016 3.0038 3.002 3.00243.0017 3.0014 3.0014 2.9988 3.0102 3.0035 2.7197 2.0472 u2 5.01 5.02065.0186 5.0131 5.0105 5.0084 5.006 5.0051 5.0006 5.0192 5.0363 4.41392.9841 u3 7.0446 7.0618 7.0515 7.0373 7.0287 7.022 7.0169 7.0134 7.00447.0244 7.0893 6.2809 3.9607 u4 9.1283 9.1368 9.1105 9.0811 9.0608 9.04669.0367 9.0261 9.0134 9.0332 9.1092 7.9322 5.0898 u5 11.257 11.256211.2029 11.1486 11.1121 11.0856 11.0685 11.0475 11.0277 11.0421 11.13179.6412 6.0761 u6 13.4588 13.4329 13.3374 13.2478 13.1867 13.143 13.110613.0776 13.0484 13.061 13.1503 11.2735 7.1638 u7 15.7417 15.6758 15.522415.3852 15.2907 15.2225 15.173 15.1242 15.0767 15.0837 15.1749 13.13268.1645 u8 18.1292 18.0006 17.7684 17.5682 17.4293 17.3297 17.256917.1873 17.1224 17.1191 17.2333 14.826 9.3331 u9 20.6379 20.419 20.086819.8058 19.6109 19.4704 19.3651 19.2702 19.1868 19.1703 19.3081 16.458910.3444 u10 23.2916 22.9487 22.4913 22.1116 21.8445 21.6501 21.506921.3796 21.2695 21.2328 21.3472 18.0904 11.3035 u11 26.1151 25.610524.9996 24.4967 24.1418 23.8821 23.6873 23.5173 23.3768 23.3264 23.426719.7596 12.4831 u12 29.1412 28.4332 27.6343 26.9825 26.5176 26.175125.9187 25.6964 25.5123 25.421 25.4868 21.3998 13.6002 u13 32.417631.4579 30.4306 29.5967 28.997 28.5515 28.2162 27.9277 27.6916 27.554427.5728 23.1872 14.6124 u14 36.0267 34.7541 33.4466 32.3882 31.618931.0443 30.605 30.2317 29.932 29.7649 29.6897 24.9174 15.8244 u1540.1583 38.4818 36.8177 35.4703 34.4789 33.7311 33.1542 32.6692 32.279532.0045 31.9429 26.7754 16.8182

-   d4) 1024-QAM/32-PAM for a fading channel (2. option)

SNR 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 u1 0.9877 0.9983 1.0021 0.996 1.00381.0274 1.0458 1.0252 1.0251 1.0106 1.0022 0.9999 0.9993 0.9997 u2 0.95030.9963 0.9924 1.001 0.9979 1.0502 1.1021 1.093 1.0684 1.0421 1.02261.0034 0.9938 0.9916 u3 0.9615 0.9958 0.9968 0.9963 1.0033 1.0263 1.05081.0681 1.0408 1.0311 1.0201 1.0037 0.9938 0.9911 u4 0.8564 0.9951 0.99820.9969 1.0019 1.0506 1.1052 1.2121 1.3282 1.4929 1.7209 1.983 2.23252.4349 u5 0.8494 0.9967 0.994 0.9991 1.0008 1.073 1.1571 1.2411 1.36451.5094 1.7258 1.9826 2.2312 2.4346 u6 0.8807 0.9994 0.9998 0.9959 1.00251.0482 1.1021 1.1634 1.3105 1.4612 1.6899 1.9706 2.2471 2.486 u7 0.89141.0007 0.9995 0.998 0.9995 1.0236 1.0521 1.1359 1.2768 1.4444 1.68511.9712 2.2486 2.4864 u8 1.3814 2.0455 2.4146 2.6684 2.9175 3.2588 3.48593.2744 3.2804 3.4275 3.6722 3.954 4.2289 4.4576 u9 1.3622 2.044 2.42.6704 2.8872 2.8611 3.0858 3.2456 3.3136 3.4906 3.7323 3.9988 4.2554.4646 u10 1.2981 2.0293 2.3562 2.6608 2.8918 2.6571 2.8799 3.08613.3236 3.5804 3.9166 4.2842 4.6461 4.9706 u11 1.3174 2.0299 2.37112.6666 2.9157 2.8566 3.0645 3.0951 3.294 3.5187 3.8461 4.2212 4.60164.9552 u12 1.5422 2.0304 2.3575 2.6702 2.919 3.2583 3.4956 3.7397 4.46474.8383 5.3122 5.8215 6.3089 6.7222 u13 1.5175 2.0313 2.3446 2.66532.8934 2.8625 3.0965 3.6125 4.257 4.7767 5.3692 5.9729 6.5416 7.0327 u141.604 2.0428 2.3901 2.6689 2.8884 3.265 3.5501 4.3656 4.7788 5.44976.2546 7.0898 7.8656 8.5382 u15 1.6294 2.0466 2.4075 2.6719 2.91294.5146 5.143 5.676 6.3035 6.969 7.8139 8.7306 9.6322 10.4411 SNR 14 1516 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 u1 1.0006 1.0003 0.9986 0.99940.9989 1.0005 0.9993 1.0023 1.0042 1.0772 1.5857 2.0789 2.3946 2.5983 u20.9966 1.0149 1.0776 1.2742 1.6871 2.0897 2.3726 2.5667 2.6852 2.80113.3587 3.9147 4.2782 4.5193 u3 0.9957 1.0158 1.0779 1.2749 1.6874 2.08882.3722 2.5683 2.7063 2.9634 4.0473 5.0664 5.7293 6.1649 u4 2.5818 2.68482.7905 3.0323 3.5222 3.9945 4.3233 4.5468 4.6563 4.8127 5.9637 7.05797.7572 8.2107 u5 2.5854 2.6903 2.7982 3.0371 3.522 3.9931 4.325 4.56364.7536 5.1864 6.8591 8.3596 9.3297 9.9594 u6 2.6894 2.882 3.1454 3.68134.5789 5.3843 5.9387 6.2876 6.4513 6.7838 8.6281 10.2901 11.3497 12.0321u7 2.6871 2.8747 3.1351 3.6718 4.5753 5.3894 5.9728 6.4073 6.786 7.50299.816 11.834 13.1252 13.9574 u8 4.6338 4.7815 5.0115 5.5854 6.61787.5206 8.0948 8.4282 8.6367 9.238 11.7978 14.0092 15.3897 16.2598 u94.6222 4.7619 4.9912 5.5804 6.6403 7.6013 8.3014 8.8692 9.4056 10.3213.3009 15.8419 17.4299 18.4269 u10 5.2658 5.5779 6.0174 6.8559 8.19699.3371 10.0842 10.6112 11.0768 12.0115 15.3408 18.1472 19.8671 20.9273u11 5.2889 5.6434 6.134 7.0475 8.5126 9.8429 10.8635 11.6946 12.413.5356 17.2901 20.4243 22.3301 23.4863 u12 7.0625 7.3854 7.8549 8.843610.4887 11.9255 12.9446 13.7334 14.4128 15.6099 19.7947 23.2381 25.282526.4823 u13 7.4575 7.8797 8.4919 9.7042 11.6571 13.3962 14.6601 15.627416.4161 17.7524 22.4306 26.2322 28.4484 29.7085 u14 9.1068 9.635 10.34411.727 13.9522 15.8981 17.2695 18.2933 19.0986 20.5256 25.7783 29.97332.3413 33.6247 u15 11.14 11.7874 12.6414 14.2894 16.9161 19.159120.6892 21.7769 22.5894 24.1254 30.084 34.7629 37.3028 38.5854 SNR 28 2930 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 u1 2.7301 2.8111 2.8638 2.8985 2.92042.9359 2.9464 2.9538 2.959 2.9627 2.9646 2.9686 2.9708 u2 4.6776 4.77774.8422 4.8846 4.9112 4.9307 4.9428 4.952 4.9581 4.9636 4.9649 4.96954.9721 u3 6.4472 6.6249 6.7392 6.8128 6.8596 6.8928 6.913 6.9288 6.93986.9487 6.951 6.9583 6.9643 u4 8.5011 8.6817 8.7961 8.8683 8.9124 8.94388.9619 8.9752 8.9849 8.9938 8.9932 9.0001 9.0054 u5 10.3587 10.608110.7659 10.8639 10.9225 10.9642 10.9877 11.0041 11.0164 11.0274 11.026411.0342 11.0416 u6 12.4587 12.7205 12.8844 12.9827 13.0371 13.076113.095 13.1067 13.1177 13.1268 13.1229 13.1289 13.1362 u7 14.474414.7859 14.98 15.0938 15.153 15.1954 15.2147 15.2242 15.2319 15.242115.2363 15.2411 15.2498 u8 16.7868 17.0907 17.2736 17.3718 17.415317.4442 17.4504 17.4501 17.4511 17.4547 17.4418 17.4433 17.4518 u919.0243 19.3589 19.5552 19.6555 19.6923 19.7141 19.7134 19.7042 19.698919.698 19.6791 19.6776 19.6851 u10 21.5442 21.8683 22.0472 22.124222.1375 22.138 22.1179 22.0915 22.0748 22.0635 22.0342 22.0291 22.033u11 24.1421 24.467 24.6335 24.688 24.6782 24.6569 24.6156 24.573924.5418 24.5191 24.4785 24.4679 24.468 u12 27.1288 27.4152 27.533727.5378 27.4826 27.4215 27.3471 27.2736 27.2191 27.1778 27.119 27.099627.0922 u13 30.3512 30.5985 30.6651 30.6154 30.503 30.398 30.283830.1761 30.0938 30.0323 29.9512 29.9185 29.8979 u14 34.2179 34.381834.3579 34.2186 34.0203 33.8444 33.6739 33.5132 33.3876 33.2927 33.181833.1313 33.0899 u15 39.0866 39.1219 38.9603 38.6961 38.3675 38.093837.8319 37.5978 37.4117 37.2731 37.1096 37.0386 36.9652

-   e1) 4096-QAM or 64-PAM for a non-fading channel (1. option)

SNR 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 u₁ 1.0009 1.0095 1.0017 1.0005 1.00261.0357 1.0462 1.0088 1.0294 1.0550 1.0814 u₂ 1.0034 1.0191 1.0071 1.01031.0058 1.0935 1.0747 1.0271 1.0589 1.1067 1.1275 u₃ 1.0085 1.0328 1.01041.0195 1.0178 1.1234 1.1266 1.0514 1.1024 1.1932 1.2000 u₄ 1.0271 1.06851.0379 1.0755 1.1253 1.2903 1.2950 1.3224 1.3806 1.9358 2.5877 u₅ 1.04251.0933 1.0515 1.0862 1.1495 1.3104 1.3388 1.3527 1.4228 1.9850 2.6735 u₆1.0680 1.1256 1.0680 1.0948 1.1750 1.3332 1.3865 1.3620 1.4469 2.05852.7203 u₇ 1.0914 1.1453 1.0851 1.1268 1.1974 1.3824 1.4096 1.3754 1.47022.1306 2.7772 u₈ 1.6408 1.9406 2.1732 2.4538 2.7812 3.2032 3.3168 3.32153.4226 4.0242 4.7576 u₉ 1.6739 1.9863 2.2032 2.4732 2.8165 3.2260 3.36523.3288 3.4528 4.1132 4.8002 u₁₀ 1.7194 2.0417 2.2381 2.5159 2.83423.2727 3.4215 3.3467 3.4850 4.1566 4.8626 u₁₁ 1.7336 2.0649 2.24822.5421 2.8665 3.3094 3.4483 3.3743 3.5120 4.2105 4.9374 u₁₂ 1.73362.0649 2.2482 2.5654 2.9673 3.4823 3.6899 3.7007 3.9353 5.0951 6.3475u₁₃ 1.7489 2.0891 2.2680 2.5736 2.9882 3.5109 3.7310 3.7351 3.97525.1790 6.4107 u₁₄ 1.7667 2.1100 2.2697 2.5749 2.9882 3.5472 3.76533.7530 4.0006 5.2035 6.4781 u₁₅ 1.7858 2.1333 2.2705 2.5880 2.99543.6091 3.7893 3.7599 4.0301 5.3100 6.5484 u₁₆ 3.7227 4.1178 4.31664.6107 4.9833 5.5502 5.7186 5.6573 5.9066 7.1262 8.4751 u₁₇ 3.74184.1491 4.3322 4.6276 4.9903 5.5822 5.7506 5.6655 5.9204 7.2088 8.5684u₁₈ 3.7590 4.1737 4.3574 4.6571 5.0237 5.6385 5.8167 5.6849 5.93707.2417 8.5939 u₁₉ 3.7960 4.2200 4.3712 4.6746 5.0441 5.6775 5.87285.7212 5.9817 7.2914 8.6700 u₂₀ 3.8009 4.2440 4.4357 4.8048 5.26396.0310 6.3672 6.3727 6.8343 8.5615 10.3314 u₂₁ 3.8124 4.2614 4.44614.8333 5.2981 6.0708 6.4211 6.4165 6.8835 8.6242 10.4036 u₂₂ 3.85234.2874 4.4500 4.8427 5.3090 6.0708 6.4211 6.4165 6.9279 8.7014 10.5216u₂₃ 3.8737 4.3357 4.4807 4.8543 5.3363 6.1026 6.4513 6.4233 6.97318.8015 10.5873 u₂₄ 4.8434 5.5231 5.8999 6.5381 7.2235 8.1484 8.50198.3784 8.8105 10.5696 12.5476 u₂₅ 4.9258 5.5864 5.9652 6.5983 7.26848.1872 8.5620 8.4081 8.8693 10.6847 12.6596 u₂₆ 4.9451 5.6415 5.97786.5984 7.2774 8.2065 8.5897 8.4766 9.1103 11.0060 13.0289 u₂₇ 5.03095.7430 6.0828 6.6419 7.3205 8.2309 8.6088 8.4887 9.1104 11.0060 13.0289u₂₈ 5.4098 6.2244 6.6305 7.3617 8.0157 9.2080 9.7789 9.9190 10.749512.8951 15.2014 u₂₉ 5.5000 6.3459 6.7055 7.4383 8.1449 9.3149 9.85189.9298 10.7503 12.8995 15.2179 u₃₀ 5.7152 6.5427 7.0184 7.8330 8.61009.8433 10.6486 10.6096 11.8462 13.9129 16.3707 u₃₁ 5.8780 6.7570 7.28588.0687 8.7350 10.1300 10.9482 10.8858 12.3898 14.9464 17.4057 SNR 19 2021 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 u₁ 1.0483 1.0007 1.0044 1.0055 1.0013 1.00091.0008 1.0004 1.0002 1.0009 1.0000 u₂ 1.0613 1.0233 1.0049 1.0067 1.00421.0169 1.1155 2.1473 2.7977 2.9554 2.9938 u₃ 1.0869 1.0300 1.0156 1.01261.0156 1.0172 1.1158 2.1476 2.7982 2.9562 2.9938 u₄ 2.3556 2.7238 2.90642.9831 3.0040 3.0164 3.0800 4.1326 4.8095 4.9735 5.0126 u₅ 2.3688 2.73272.9092 2.9851 3.0143 3.0175 3.0803 4.1329 4.8098 4.9740 5.0127 u₆ 2.40712.7463 2.9108 2.9891 3.0189 3.0684 3.3125 5.4313 6.6706 6.9751 7.0470 u₇2.4309 2.7844 2.9252 2.9939 3.0209 3.0687 3.3127 5.4321 6.6709 6.97557.0476 u₈ 4.4042 4.7555 4.9733 5.0568 5.0728 5.0540 5.1743 7.3914 8.72309.0520 9.1240 u₉ 4.4505 4.7853 4.9821 5.0665 5.0763 5.0545 5.1744 7.39198.7232 9.0521 9.1269 u₁₀ 4.4768 4.8087 4.9864 5.0786 5.1205 5.22475.6985 8.9330 10.7048 11.1492 11.2396 u₁₁ 4.4984 4.8151 4.9894 5.08045.1241 5.2259 5.6990 8.9335 10.7052 11.1499 11.2521 u₁₂ 6.0304 6.67467.0482 7.1894 7.1853 7.1332 7.4320 10.9015 12.8463 13.3324 13.4094 u₁₃6.0394 6.7008 7.0583 7.1926 7.1891 7.1344 7.4326 10.9021 12.8463 13.337213.4549 u₁₄ 6.0730 6.7081 7.0832 7.2853 7.3954 7.6181 8.4317 12.711515.0078 15.5775 15.6226 u₁₅ 6.1073 6.7375 7.0832 7.2884 7.4045 7.61848.4328 12.7116 15.0103 15.6018 15.7683 u₁₆ 8.1524 8.8607 9.3063 9.45159.4026 9.4234 10.0879 14.7765 17.3133 17.9142 17.8813 u₁₇ 8.1720 8.89629.3102 9.4574 9.4108 9.4236 10.0879 14.7780 17.3310 18.0102 18.2795 u₁₈8.2313 8.9543 9.4881 9.7987 10.0367 10.4715 11.5465 16.8714 19.706920.3186 20.2643 u₁₉ 8.2425 8.9679 9.4972 9.8026 10.0398 10.4715 11.551316.8932 19.7984 20.6313 21.1418 u₂₀ 10.1358 11.0877 11.6875 11.943311.9948 12.2390 13.2621 19.1416 22.2235 22.8444 23.0106 u₂₁ 10.208311.1511 11.7122 11.9433 11.9948 12.2473 13.3038 19.2585 22.5518 23.644424.4435 u₂₂ 10.4647 11.5011 12.3809 12.9249 13.3478 13.8662 15.035021.5237 24.8994 25.7504 26.2833 u₂₃ 10.4667 11.5016 12.3809 12.935213.3886 13.9623 15.2365 21.9595 25.7968 27.2622 28.0976 u₂₄ 12.589213.7714 14.6800 15.1061 15.3331 15.7560 16.9792 24.1820 28.0789 29.344430.1001 u₂₅ 12.5892 13.7714 14.6898 15.2127 15.5317 16.1253 17.604925.3100 29.8341 31.4219 32.2373 u₂₆ 13.4094 14.7156 16.2278 17.043417.4121 17.9163 19.3517 27.5432 32.1791 33.7649 34.5644 u₂₇ 13.615815.0373 16.6096 17.6500 18.1533 18.9388 20.7325 29.6202 34.6720 36.339237.0984 u₂₈ 15.7576 17.2752 18.8400 19.7714 20.1992 20.8666 22.640132.1698 37.5238 39.2039 39.8717 u₂₉ 16.4104 18.0503 19.8935 21.373522.0959 22.9213 24.8156 35.1006 40.7639 42.4017 42.9261 u₃₀ 18.568420.5641 22.6573 24.0450 24.6870 25.4664 27.4064 38.5288 44.4858 46.019646.3385 u₃₁ 21.1733 23.6230 26.0750 27.5013 27.9919 28.6401 30.571742.6611 48.9075 50.2608 50.2913 SNR 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 u₁1.0001 1.0248 2.4408 2.8945 2.9839 2.9994 3.0018 3.0006 3.0003 3.00012.9997 u₂ 3.0017 3.0182 4.4380 4.8985 4.9886 5.0033 5.0058 5.0032 5.00245.0018 5.0008 u₃ 3.0030 3.0632 5.9156 6.8070 6.9830 7.0115 7.0140 7.00897.0069 7.0048 7.0037 u₄ 5.0173 5.0328 7.9059 8.8226 9.0024 9.0302 9.02889.0193 9.0151 9.0102 9.0071 u₅ 5.0216 5.1327 9.4507 10.7591 11.019511.0577 11.0516 11.0358 11.0282 11.0193 11.0115 u₆ 7.0498 7.0422 11.435712.7957 13.0656 13.0993 13.0845 13.0595 13.0468 13.0326 13.0195 u₇7.0641 7.2652 13.0665 14.7736 15.1170 15.1551 15.1295 15.0921 15.072115.0515 15.0306 u₈ 9.1060 9.0644 15.0535 16.8418 17.2002 17.2304 17.188417.1352 17.1049 17.0757 17.0463 u₉ 9.1497 9.5244 16.7818 18.8755 19.299819.3267 19.2631 19.1895 19.1460 19.1067 19.0675 u₁₀ 11.1813 11.185018.7842 20.9896 21.4336 21.4475 21.3554 21.2573 21.1971 21.1455 21.0958u₁₁ 11.3033 11.9919 20.6171 23.0931 23.5947 23.5943 23.4675 23.340023.2595 23.1929 23.1300 u₁₂ 13.2745 13.5314 22.6537 25.2693 25.795725.7708 25.6021 25.4389 25.3346 25.2505 25.1715 u₁₃ 13.5814 14.656024.5978 27.4601 28.0325 27.9792 27.7614 27.5562 27.4240 27.3180 27.2219u₁₄ 15.4281 16.1335 26.6926 29.7208 30.3180 30.2241 29.9475 29.693729.5290 29.3975 29.2822 u₁₅ 16.0896 17.4553 28.7584 32.0195 32.649732.5080 32.1630 31.8534 31.6506 31.4900 31.3522 u₁₆ 17.8031 18.945930.9410 34.3908 35.0362 34.8341 34.4104 34.0374 33.7912 33.5976 33.4333u₁₇ 18.9158 20.3994 33.1475 36.8221 37.4807 37.2058 36.6926 36.247835.9521 35.7214 35.5286 u₁₈ 20.5417 21.9560 35.4574 39.3347 39.990739.6274 39.0134 38.4877 38.1359 37.8626 37.6368 u₁₉ 21.9857 23.535137.8330 41.9281 42.5704 42.1029 41.3762 40.7588 40.3444 40.0228 39.7614u₂₀ 23.6361 25.2008 40.3158 44.6167 45.2248 44.6370 43.7840 43.065742.5801 42.2047 41.9019 u₂₁ 25.2935 26.9290 42.9015 47.4057 47.961347.2349 46.2412 45.4110 44.8462 44.4090 44.0606 u₂₂ 27.0746 28.750445.6132 50.3061 50.7879 49.9025 48.7528 47.7990 47.1463 46.6413 46.2405u₂₃ 28.9429 30.6660 48.4574 53.3265 53.7113 52.6466 51.3243 50.234449.4838 48.9030 48.4433 u₂₄ 30.9398 32.6931 51.4505 56.4788 56.740855.4760 53.9630 52.7229 51.8619 51.1973 50.6724 u₂₅ 33.0715 34.841254.6068 59.7763 59.8883 58.4008 56.6777 55.2711 54.2893 53.5305 52.9293u₂₆ 35.3606 37.1247 57.9431 63.2360 63.1703 61.4335 59.4783 57.889956.7734 55.9080 55.2244 u₂₇ 37.8240 39.5605 61.4829 66.8796 66.607364.5910 62.3797 60.5886 59.3222 58.3376 57.5609 u₂₈ 40.4876 42.171965.2585 70.7389 70.2237 67.8970 65.4018 63.3861 61.9504 60.8316 59.9460u₂₉ 43.3896 44.9941 69.3198 74.8651 74.0651 71.3880 68.5763 66.307264.6797 63.4096 62.3996 u₃₀ 46.6014 48.0918 73.7587 79.3419 78.208375.1280 71.9563 69.3942 67.5467 66.1014 64.9470 u₃₁ 50.2840 51.616678.7813 84.3684 82.8265 79.2656 75.6675 72.7558 70.6393 68.9832 67.6450

-   e2) 4096-QAM or 64-PAM for a fading channel (1. option)

SNR 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 u₁ 1.0037 1.0034 1.0348 1.09521.0016 1.0009 1.0005 1.0084 1.0011 1.0013 1.4601 u₂ 1.0162 1.0343 1.06171.1176 1.0241 1.0018 1.0036 1.4936 2.2772 2.6447 3.2217 u₃ 1.0240 1.06781.0884 1.1793 1.0305 1.0041 1.0043 1.4944 2.2777 2.6458 3.6969 u₄ 1.19211.3907 1.5640 2.0417 2.0126 2.3581 2.6689 3.2663 4.1425 4.5751 5.6208 u₅1.2171 1.4100 1.5873 2.1063 2.0228 2.3589 2.6691 3.2663 4.1430 4.57626.1651 u₆ 1.2361 1.4531 1.6033 2.1127 2.0502 2.3605 2.6803 3.8388 5.47716.2622 7.8852 u₇ 1.2492 1.4877 1.6363 2.1955 2.0517 2.3634 2.6818 3.85525.4782 6.2644 8.5434 u₈ 2.3653 2.8845 3.2972 3.9998 3.8921 4.3057 4.64635.7758 7.4940 8.3068 10.4374 u₉ 2.3776 2.9044 3.3210 4.0789 3.90274.3085 4.6470 5.7801 7.4956 8.3148 11.2098 u₁₀ 2.4146 2.9464 3.34314.0949 3.9258 4.3091 4.7142 6.5005 8.9584 10.0754 12.8922 u₁₁ 2.43302.9727 3.3727 4.1576 3.9303 4.3106 4.7159 6.5026 8.9599 10.1075 13.7819u₁₂ 2.5921 3.2909 3.8752 5.0460 5.1105 5.9019 6.4314 8.2437 10.941612.1137 15.6075 u₁₃ 2.6018 3.3308 3.8838 5.1032 5.1251 5.9026 6.43228.2470 10.9430 12.2240 16.6372 u₁₄ 2.6036 3.3538 3.9079 5.1106 5.15775.9275 6.6966 9.2839 12.6130 13.9827 18.3518 u₁₅ 2.6134 3.3538 3.95755.2402 5.1622 5.9305 6.6977 9.2923 12.6172 14.2759 19.5480 u₁₆ 4.47245.2413 5.8593 7.1349 7.1838 8.0530 8.5878 11.2148 14.8247 16.191021.4467 u₁₇ 4.4904 5.2557 5.9016 7.2435 7.2025 8.0584 8.5900 11.222414.8505 16.7578 22.7923 u₁₈ 4.5233 5.2967 5.9330 7.2709 7.2402 8.22449.2676 12.5840 16.7154 18.3893 24.6241 u₁₉ 4.5370 5.3428 5.9400 7.31567.2402 8.2272 9.2676 12.5847 16.8401 19.2507 26.1464 u₂₀ 4.7553 5.77666.6383 8.4305 8.7991 10.0062 10.9491 14.5161 18.9533 21.0189 28.1725 u₂₁4.7821 5.8104 6.6641 8.4825 8.8222 10.0149 10.9503 14.5520 19.367422.1700 29.8997 u₂₂ 4.8082 5.8291 6.6807 8.5209 9.0392 10.6920 12.186516.2361 21.2176 23.9044 32.0068 u₂₃ 4.8130 5.8737 6.7033 8.6186 9.042210.6920 12.2150 16.4697 22.1503 25.3694 34.0023 u₂₄ 6.2441 7.4671 8.530310.4806 10.9914 12.7390 14.0922 18.4450 24.2033 27.3692 36.4075 u₂₅6.2893 7.4955 8.5634 10.5693 10.9914 12.7601 14.2864 19.1390 25.638829.1536 38.7203 u₂₆ 6.2893 7.5445 8.6516 10.7902 11.8153 14.1858 15.847220.9184 27.7224 31.3403 41.3928 u₂₇ 6.3436 7.6168 8.6551 10.7902 11.893914.5324 16.6065 22.3106 29.7261 33.5729 44.1720 u₂₈ 7.0226 8.5293 9.924412.4877 13.6889 16.4941 18.4985 24.4836 32.3433 36.2788 47.4221 u₂₉7.0606 8.5418 9.9244 12.4922 14.1769 17.7125 20.1454 26.6758 35.130739.2095 50.9584 u₃₀ 7.4057 9.0421 10.6101 13.4485 15.9473 20.049222.5947 29.6354 38.6833 42.8367 55.2496 u₃₁ 7.6853 9.2770 10.970013.9607 18.0971 23.1093 25.8301 33.4923 43.2861 47.4796 60.6968 SNR 3234 36 38 40 42 44 u₁ 2.3630 2.7143 2.8569 2.9146 2.9430 2.9572 2.9626 u₂4.2240 4.6431 4.8201 4.8928 4.9295 4.9485 4.9531 u₃ 5.5916 6.3624 6.68256.8138 6.8769 6.9108 6.9193 u₄ 7.5711 8.3609 8.6875 8.8217 8.8852 8.91958.9261 u₅ 8.9677 10.1017 10.5677 10.7565 10.8452 10.8923 10.9017 u₆10.8558 12.0656 12.5624 12.7646 12.8566 12.9054 12.9128 u₇ 12.310013.8453 14.4705 14.7240 14.8372 14.8969 14.9042 u₈ 14.3495 15.907916.5327 16.7803 16.8878 16.9453 16.9457 u₉ 15.8626 17.7314 18.476418.7717 18.8959 18.9623 18.9619 u₁₀ 17.8122 19.7689 20.5381 20.841020.9630 21.0277 21.0190 u₁₁ 19.4002 21.6494 22.5319 22.8716 23.005123.0767 23.0663 u₁₂ 21.4914 23.7930 24.6692 25.0032 25.1259 25.189025.1683 u₁₃ 23.1749 25.7482 26.7175 27.0846 27.2145 27.2800 27.2540 u₁₄25.2444 27.9133 28.8962 29.2543 29.3711 29.4289 29.3923 u₁₅ 27.055429.9674 31.0256 31.4026 31.5200 31.5729 31.5300 u₁₆ 29.3071 32.278133.3164 33.6672 33.7575 33.7939 33.7339 u₁₇ 31.2488 34.4427 35.537235.8963 35.9772 36.0047 35.9322 u₁₈ 33.5157 36.8096 37.8974 38.227938.2797 38.2878 38.1965 u₁₉ 35.6233 39.1139 40.2361 40.5572 40.589440.5810 40.4746 u₂₀ 38.1010 41.6634 42.7477 43.0181 43.0067 42.968142.8356 u₂₁ 40.4118 44.1431 45.2395 45.4777 45.4325 45.3693 45.2134 u₂₂43.0288 46.8438 47.9000 48.0709 47.9708 47.8722 47.6880 u₂₃ 45.611649.5583 50.5912 50.7048 50.5545 50.4196 50.2024 u₂₄ 48.5564 52.552353.4949 53.5164 53.2904 53.1044 52.8455 u₂₅ 51.4802 55.5697 56.453256.3844 56.0878 55.8498 55.5491 u₂₆ 54.7552 58.8833 59.6566 59.461259.0692 58.7671 58.4167 u₂₇ 58.1823 62.3637 63.0156 62.6864 62.189661.8161 61.4120 u₂₈ 62.1034 66.2736 66.7414 66.2379 65.6055 65.135264.6642 u₂₉ 66.3748 70.5252 70.7893 70.0851 69.2959 68.7220 68.1765 u₃₀71.4868 75.5508 75.5368 74.5533 73.5731 72.8440 72.1957 u₃₁ 77.920781.8329 81.4363 80.0774 78.8139 77.8906 77.1759

-   e3) 4096-QAM/64-PAM for a non-fading channel (2. option)

SNR 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 u1 0.9997 0.9978 0.9991 1 1.00071.0007 1 0.9557 1.0614 0.9551 0.98 0.9906 0.9983 1.0028 u2 0.9987 0.99640.9907 0.9992 1.0007 1.0013 0.9998 0.9995 1.132 1.0662 0.9665 0.99290.9872 0.9951 u3 0.9992 0.9959 0.9909 1.0013 1.0018 1.0022 0.9998 1.04551.0635 1.1175 0.9872 1.0026 0.9889 0.9923 u4 0.9952 0.9939 0.9506 0.99120.9956 0.9997 0.9991 1.0963 1.1367 1.2469 1.0968 1.0043 0.9773 0.9706 u50.9949 0.9927 0.9497 0.9904 0.9958 1.0001 0.999 1.0477 1.2106 1.19141.0729 0.9947 0.9757 0.9733 u6 0.9959 0.9925 0.9569 0.9928 0.9977 1.00070.999 1.0005 1.1354 1.0632 1.0886 0.9926 0.9867 0.9808 u7 0.9964 0.99250.9572 0.9948 0.9985 1.0012 0.9989 1.0469 1.067 1.1141 1.1127 1.00220.9885 0.9781 u8 0.9979 0.996 0.82 0.9969 1.0009 1.0011 0.9982 1.09531.1392 1.2422 1.5245 1.8225 2.2129 2.5779 u9 0.9971 0.9926 0.8212 0.99460.9999 1.0006 0.9981 1.0475 1.2127 1.1856 1.4974 1.8028 2.201 2.5773 u100.9956 0.9897 0.8169 0.9928 0.9977 1.0004 0.998 1.0967 1.2926 1.32881.484 1.8262 2.1995 2.564 u11 0.9956 0.988 0.8184 0.992 0.9969 0.99970.9977 1.1472 1.2149 1.3855 1.5124 1.8468 2.2116 2.5645 u12 0.99991.0001 0.8477 1.0019 1.0015 1 0.998 1.0951 1.1374 1.2436 1.3501 1.82282.2139 2.5865 u13 0.9993 0.9984 0.8477 1.0004 1.0011 0.9998 0.9979 1.0471.2107 1.1876 1.3224 1.8029 2.2021 2.5859 u14 1.0002 0.9981 0.85391.0011 1.0023 0.9996 0.9977 1.0003 1.1352 1.059 1.338 1.781 2.20322.5981 u15 1.0006 0.9988 0.8548 1.0027 1.0023 0.9993 0.9976 1.04661.0674 1.1096 1.365 1.7998 2.2143 2.599 u16 1.0013 0.9984 1.3062 2.28082.8695 3.3381 3.672 3.6931 4.5055 4.0594 3.6916 3.9511 4.3515 4.733 u171.0009 0.9976 1.306 2.276 2.8682 3.3383 3.6706 4.1143 4.0708 4.49 3.79523.9685 4.3262 4.6905 u18 1.0001 0.9975 1.2944 2.2716 2.8549 3.3373 3.6683.692 3.8547 3.9737 3.9649 4.1043 4.4877 4.7651 u19 1.0006 0.9989 1.29622.2767 2.8579 3.3377 3.6688 3.4797 4.0617 3.7447 3.8381 4.0787 4.51024.8115 u20 0.9966 0.9843 1.2316 2.2476 2.8174 3.3366 3.6668 3.33883.8426 3.5963 3.7694 4.2066 4.6844 5.1505 u21 0.9965 0.9862 1.23162.2428 2.816 3.3366 3.6654 3.4788 3.7127 3.7506 3.8549 4.2413 4.66955.1004 u22 0.9979 0.9883 1.2438 2.2472 2.8316 3.338 3.6687 3.693 3.85043.9858 3.7378 4.1047 4.4864 4.988 u23 0.9988 0.9908 1.2452 2.2521 2.83443.3383 3.6697 3.4793 4.0539 3.7531 3.6629 4.0789 4.5089 5.0366 u240.9975 0.9885 1.5288 2.2442 2.8217 3.3383 3.6695 3.695 4.5123 4.04594.3425 6.0223 6.8569 7.2668 u25 0.9969 0.9892 1.527 2.2404 2.8202 3.33773.6672 4.1199 4.0697 4.4707 4.5777 6.3293 7.2964 7.5851 u26 0.99570.9906 1.5113 2.237 2.8068 3.3353 3.6622 3.6994 3.8542 3.9657 4.70925.9321 6.867 7.6187 u27 0.996 0.992 1.5119 2.2422 2.8098 3.3356 3.6633.4819 4.0606 3.7388 4.5292 5.7308 6.6111 7.3641 u28 1.0002 0.99311.6026 2.2672 2.849 3.34 3.6708 3.6937 4.5158 4.0294 5.7423 6.024 6.84858.1001 u29 0.9996 0.9947 1.6004 2.264 2.8464 3.3382 3.6682 4.1221 4.07424.4504 5.71 6.3295 7.2893 8.6424 u30 1.0003 0.9972 1.6155 2.2689 2.863.3379 3.6703 6.9367 4.5402 6.1369 6.5297 7.621 8.7159 9.8487 u31 1.00051.0011 1.6156 2.2746 2.8614 3.3359 3.6701 4.1219 7.7332 7.8583 8.28359.5686 10.848 12.0736 SNR 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 u11.0012 1.0004 1.0001 1.0001 1.0017 0.9994 0.9991 1.0002 1.0004 0.99881.0002 1.0002 0.9995 0.9998 u2 1.0012 1.0025 0.9995 0.9931 0.9949 0.99780.9973 0.9989 0.9993 0.9997 1.0165 1.1141 2.1397 2.7888 u3 1.0002 1.00270.9992 0.9935 0.9925 0.9974 0.9973 1 0.9997 1.0012 1.0173 1.1147 2.14052.7905 u4 0.9684 0.9816 1.0059 1.0493 1.182 1.5796 2.455 2.8426 2.97143.0025 3.0148 3.08 4.1242 4.7995 u5 0.9695 0.9821 1.006 1.0522 1.18241.5808 2.4551 2.8429 2.9714 3.0028 3.0143 3.0802 4.124 4.8013 u6 0.96970.9806 1.0066 1.0576 1.1891 1.5819 2.4541 2.8411 2.9706 3.0134 3.06633.3089 5.4109 6.6532 u7 0.9688 0.9802 1.0065 1.0566 1.188 1.5815 2.45432.8404 2.9705 3.0122 3.0667 3.3087 5.4124 6.6551 u8 2.7742 2.898 2.97073.0198 3.1266 3.5406 4.4866 4.9057 5.0421 5.061 5.0494 5.1723 7.36928.7048 u9 2.7759 2.8996 2.9696 3.016 3.1241 3.5415 4.4867 4.9067 5.04325.0601 5.0501 5.1727 7.3707 8.706 u10 2.7715 2.9072 2.9916 3.0457 3.14023.541 4.4834 4.9035 5.0525 5.1122 5.2228 5.6928 8.9013 10.681 u11 2.772.9062 2.9926 3.0494 3.1422 3.5425 4.4833 4.9039 5.0525 5.1118 5.22175.6928 8.9024 10.6801 u12 2.8379 3.0216 3.1657 3.3215 3.6581 4.55496.2418 6.9491 7.1699 7.1725 7.1285 7.4272 10.8677 12.8191 u13 2.83933.0233 3.1642 3.3159 3.6531 4.5542 6.2414 6.9493 7.1687 7.1707 7.12927.4281 10.8681 12.8187 u14 2.844 3.017 3.1421 3.2814 3.6249 4.54456.2417 6.9759 7.25 7.3803 7.6122 8.4242 12.6721 14.9756 u15 2.843 3.01583.1438 3.2861 3.6295 4.5453 6.2415 6.9762 7.2509 7.3814 7.6109 8.424112.6723 14.9747 u16 4.911 5.0847 5.2173 5.3247 5.5906 6.5342 8.42529.2104 9.4291 9.3921 9.4171 10.0811 14.7326 17.2923 u17 4.8946 5.0785.2225 5.3361 5.5964 6.5309 8.4176 9.2059 9.4328 9.3936 9.4161 10.079914.7331 17.2755 u18 4.8828 5.032 5.1525 5.263 5.5632 6.5493 8.49399.3909 9.7733 10.0241 10.4656 11.538 16.821 19.7523 u19 4.8993 5.03895.1478 5.2534 5.5595 6.5509 8.5005 9.3955 9.768 10.0192 10.4628 11.540616.8423 19.666 u20 5.4537 5.6751 5.8353 6.0525 6.7077 8.1966 10.633911.6235 11.9277 11.9919 12.2335 13.2526 19.0855 22.4952 u21 5.4274 5.6615.8447 6.0828 6.7436 8.2344 10.6663 11.6306 11.9181 11.9835 12.240613.2955 19.2025 22.1794 u22 5.4211 5.7314 5.9947 6.2932 6.9708 8.515411.1197 12.3574 12.9096 13.3504 13.8605 15.0255 21.46 25.7242 u23 5.4465.7457 5.9865 6.2653 6.934 8.4705 11.0711 12.3354 12.9262 13.398513.9572 15.2319 21.8968 24.8484 u24 7.601 7.9092 8.1116 8.2986 8.884310.5567 13.4789 14.6975 15.1159 15.345 15.7488 16.9733 24.1121 29.7447u25 7.6905 7.9139 8.0671 8.234 8.8098 10.4713 13.4082 14.7119 15.228715.5598 16.121 17.6005 25.2362 28.0103 u26 8.0227 8.3661 8.5885 8.79129.4292 11.2659 14.6004 16.3761 17.081 17.4332 17.9118 19.3511 27.465834.5679 u27 7.8908 8.3208 8.642 8.9175 9.6219 11.5386 14.97 16.835817.7127 18.2141 18.9411 20.7343 29.5377 32.086 u28 9.4399 10.049610.4616 10.7875 11.5373 13.6107 17.3205 19.1194 19.8684 20.2666 20.868822.6464 32.0788 40.6327 u29 9.7624 10.4834 10.962 11.3065 12.090914.2876 18.2519 20.3764 21.561 22.2111 22.9314 24.8269 35.0018 37.4081u30 10.8696 11.8503 12.6479 13.2236 14.1807 16.6639 21.0844 23.237224.2835 24.8299 25.4818 27.4224 38.4187 45.0872 u31 13.0935 14.085114.9452 15.6218 16.7225 19.5472 24.5629 26.8501 27.8003 28.1675 28.656830.5887 42.5428 49.499 SNR 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 u10.9976 0.9987 1.0014 1.025 2.4413 2.8939 2.9843 2.9997 3.0019 3.00073.0007 3.0003 2.9995 u2 2.9488 2.9915 3.0025 3.018 4.4383 4.8976 4.98955.0043 5.0061 5.0036 5.003 5.0018 5.001 u3 2.9479 2.9924 3.0037 3.06325.9167 6.8058 6.9842 7.0135 7.0137 7.0097 7.0074 7.0054 7.0045 u4 4.96195.0094 5.0187 5.0331 7.9068 8.8211 9.0048 9.0324 9.0288 9.0203 9.01529.0116 9.0111 u5 4.9639 5.011 5.0222 5.1327 9.4519 10.7571 11.022411.0604 11.0525 11.0369 11.0279 11.0206 11.0185 u6 6.9622 7.042 7.05217.0424 11.4366 12.7933 13.0677 13.1031 13.086 13.0608 13.0457 13.034113.0292 u7 6.9646 7.0451 7.0661 7.2657 13.0678 14.7709 15.1192 15.160415.1306 15.0937 15.0694 15.0521 15.0437 u8 9.0372 9.1166 9.1087 9.064515.0544 16.8389 17.2032 17.2373 17.1893 17.1369 17.1017 17.0762 17.0621u9 9.0366 9.12 9.1529 9.5267 16.783 18.8721 19.3026 19.3344 19.264319.1918 19.1426 19.1063 19.0849 u10 11.1331 11.2301 11.1846 11.186818.7849 20.9854 21.4382 21.4555 21.3571 21.2603 21.194 21.1446 21.1144u11 11.1295 11.2429 11.3066 11.9962 20.6177 23.0888 23.5996 23.602523.4702 23.3435 23.2559 23.1917 23.1505 u12 13.3129 13.3994 13.278913.5349 22.654 25.265 25.8011 25.7794 25.6052 25.4431 25.3306 25.248325.1935 u13 13.316 13.4449 13.5855 14.661 24.5975 27.4555 28.038727.9889 27.7649 27.5612 27.4193 27.3164 27.2455 u14 15.5542 15.610315.4321 16.1384 26.6918 29.7155 30.3242 30.2341 29.9519 29.6994 29.523129.3957 29.3073 u15 15.58 15.7567 16.0956 17.4614 28.7572 32.013732.6572 32.518 32.1673 31.8602 31.6441 31.4885 31.3787 u16 17.88717.8671 17.8082 18.9525 30.94 34.3846 35.0455 34.8442 34.4149 34.045133.7833 33.5958 33.4606 u17 17.9845 18.2619 18.9235 20.4071 33.145836.8156 37.4911 37.2161 36.6987 36.2565 35.9437 35.7192 35.5554 u1820.2884 20.2456 20.5488 21.964 35.4548 39.3279 40.0014 39.6382 39.020638.4973 38.1256 37.8593 37.6646 u19 20.6026 21.1199 21.993 23.544137.8295 41.9212 42.5806 42.1143 41.383 40.7696 40.3329 40.0202 39.7891u20 22.8105 22.9898 23.6434 25.2095 40.3124 44.6095 45.2363 44.649543.79 43.0773 42.5661 42.2016 41.9315 u21 23.6105 24.4211 25.302126.9381 42.8978 47.3978 47.9743 47.2486 46.2474 45.4239 44.8319 44.40744.0928 u22 25.7141 26.2598 27.0831 28.76 45.609 50.2974 50.8009 49.916848.7598 47.8129 47.1293 46.6391 46.2746 u23 27.2209 28.0726 28.95130.6768 48.453 53.3172 53.7241 52.6624 51.3323 50.249 49.4658 48.900148.4795 u24 29.302 30.0719 30.9486 32.7041 51.4455 56.4693 56.754455.4931 53.9725 52.7382 51.8433 51.1958 50.7105 u25 31.3751 32.20933.0801 34.8521 54.6007 59.7663 59.9029 58.419 56.6876 55.2875 54.270253.5266 52.974 u26 33.7153 34.532 35.3703 37.136 57.9366 63.2251 63.185661.4525 59.489 57.9066 56.7507 55.9047 55.2723 u27 36.2816 37.068437.8335 39.572 61.4759 66.868 66.6219 64.6108 62.39 60.607 59.297658.3332 57.6109 u28 39.1419 39.8412 40.4977 42.1824 65.2512 70.727570.2394 67.918 65.413 63.4057 61.9235 60.8256 60.0019 u29 42.336 42.894343.4022 45.0041 69.3127 74.8524 74.0829 71.4105 68.5885 66.3283 64.648763.4014 62.4582 u30 45.9471 46.3002 46.6146 48.1025 73.7506 79.327778.2264 75.1519 71.9717 69.4194 67.5124 66.0884 65.0072 u31 50.180650.2503 50.2989 51.6274 78.7737 84.3532 82.8441 79.2912 75.6839 72.783470.6068 68.9588 67.7069

-   e4) 4096-QAM/64-PAM for a fading channel (2. option)

SNR 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 u1 0.9963 0.9978 1.0042 1.00180.9993 1.0199 1.0097 1.0072 1.0028 0.9994 0.9999 0.9996 1.0002 1.0005 u20.9888 0.995 1.0058 1.0009 1 1.0401 1.0467 1.0288 1.0323 1.0103 1.00360.9995 1 1.0007 u3 0.9918 0.9943 1.0101 1.0036 1.0003 1.0198 1.03371.018 1.0303 1.0099 1.0047 0.9997 1.0001 1.0009 u4 0.9541 0.9962 0.99550.9907 1.0023 1.0376 1.0885 1.0841 1.0665 1.0416 1.0207 1.0048 0.99580.9914 u5 0.9509 0.9947 0.9963 0.9911 1.0019 1.0575 1.1007 1.0947 1.06871.0415 1.0205 1.0045 0.9959 0.9919 u6 0.9572 0.994 1.0008 0.9947 1.00081.0371 1.0611 1.0713 1.0375 1.0295 1.018 1.0044 0.9963 0.9921 u7 0.96010.9933 1.0043 0.998 0.9999 1.0167 1.049 1.061 1.0352 1.0293 1.01911.0045 0.9965 0.9922 u8 0.8508 0.9904 1.0057 0.9981 1.0011 1.0359 1.10571.2062 1.3196 1.4848 1.7124 1.9789 2.2284 2.4296 u9 0.8497 0.9921 1.00360.9975 1.0009 1.0568 1.1177 1.2173 1.323 1.4854 1.7111 1.9774 2.2292.4304 u10 0.8453 0.9927 0.9998 0.9957 1.0008 1.0777 1.1579 1.24371.3637 1.5033 1.7169 1.977 2.2279 2.4297 u11 0.8497 0.9966 0.9966 0.99451.0008 1.0584 1.1449 1.2318 1.3601 1.5036 1.7176 1.9772 2.2285 2.4298u12 0.8794 0.9961 1.0066 1.0036 0.9997 1.04 1.0892 1.1572 1.3143 1.4561.6837 1.9674 2.2398 2.4752 u13 0.8775 0.9967 1.0043 1.0016 1 1.05981.1014 1.1687 1.3174 1.4567 1.6825 1.9661 2.2404 2.4761 u14 0.88380.9993 1.0044 1.0026 0.9999 1.0395 1.0619 1.144 1.2769 1.4404 1.67641.9651 2.2423 2.4776 u15 0.887 1.0004 1.0046 1.0026 1.0005 1.0192 1.051.1336 1.2731 1.4409 1.6771 1.9652 2.2428 2.4777 u16 1.3685 2.044 2.42332.7677 2.9386 3.5023 3.4408 3.2474 3.2673 3.4167 3.6611 3.9531 4.22934.4538 u17 1.3632 2.0409 2.4206 2.7543 2.926 3.031 3.3601 3.2589 3.29533.4403 3.6759 3.9601 4.2313 4.4531 u18 1.3522 2.036 2.4072 2.7164 2.86592.7928 3.1046 3.2433 3.3198 3.4991 3.737 4.0075 4.2628 4.4661 u19 1.35842.0387 2.4131 2.7296 2.876 3.0328 3.1327 3.2291 3.2928 3.4736 3.72153.9997 4.2609 4.4673 u20 1.2937 2.0217 2.3696 2.6067 2.872 2.7985 2.88943.0788 3.3078 3.5536 3.8874 4.2677 4.632 4.955 u21 1.2893 2.0179 2.36542.5953 2.8622 2.6481 2.879 3.0908 3.3328 3.5791 3.9074 4.2792 4.63694.954 u22 1.3005 2.0217 2.3804 2.6264 2.9212 2.7978 2.9999 3.0955 3.31143.5221 3.8387 4.2143 4.5858 4.9287 u23 1.3059 2.0243 2.3849 2.63772.9333 3.0347 3.0216 3.0827 3.286 3.4971 3.8215 4.2031 4.5824 4.9304 u241.536 2.0277 2.3595 2.6209 2.931 3.5055 3.4745 3.7641 4.5388 4.80125.2768 5.7983 6.2845 6.6904 u25 1.5286 2.0274 2.3608 2.611 2.9209 3.02943.3939 3.7415 4.5688 4.8766 5.3692 5.8801 6.3465 6.73 u26 1.5142 2.02632.351 2.5814 2.8639 2.7958 3.1184 3.6371 4.2838 4.7955 5.3854 5.99676.555 7.028 u27 1.5207 2.0302 2.3596 2.5937 2.8759 3.0301 3.1528 3.64714.2441 4.7386 5.3092 5.9145 6.4785 6.9667 u28 1.6081 2.0374 2.397 2.71372.8798 3.4906 3.7542 4.4918 4.6545 5.4141 6.1357 6.9502 7.6934 8.3177u29 1.5999 2.0376 2.3962 2.7007 2.8677 3.0254 3.6131 4.3043 4.6739 5.4276.2138 7.0723 7.8706 8.5561 u30 1.6138 2.0443 2.4108 2.7391 2.92743.4965 4.488 4.9563 5.6429 6.2434 7.0601 7.9787 8.901 9.7418 u31 1.62032.0495 2.4173 2.752 2.9369 5.0575 5.6783 6.2681 6.9732 7.6928 8.59419.597 10.5869 11.4949 SNR 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 u11.0004 1.0002 1.0002 0.9998 0.999 0.9988 0.9995 0.9999 1.0013 0.99991.001 0.9997 1.0009 0.9992 u2 1.0009 0.9991 0.9984 0.9984 1.0001 0.99960.9992 1.0004 1.0032 1.0364 1.3959 1.9271 2.272 2.494 u3 1.0008 0.99920.9986 0.9983 0.9997 0.998 0.9988 1.0013 1.0018 1.037 1.3944 1.92642.2732 2.4945 u4 0.9953 1.0125 1.067 1.2356 1.6294 2.0374 2.3337 2.53412.6647 2.7604 3.1499 3.7388 4.1332 4.3943 u5 0.9956 1.0127 1.067 1.23541.6298 2.0374 2.3334 2.5347 2.6639 2.7604 3.1496 3.7379 4.1327 4.3952 u60.9956 1.0133 1.0683 1.2372 1.6304 2.0374 2.3318 2.5328 2.6769 2.85363.6527 4.7448 5.4651 5.9409 u7 0.9957 1.0135 1.0683 1.2366 1.6304 2.03662.3321 2.5362 2.6761 2.8534 3.6538 4.7432 5.4655 5.9407 u8 2.5769 2.67742.7777 2.9864 3.4541 3.93 4.2773 4.5077 4.6411 4.7342 5.5345 6.71587.4777 7.9756 u9 2.5774 2.6773 2.7771 2.9867 3.4539 3.931 4.2766 4.50894.6405 4.7345 5.5352 6.7145 7.478 7.9745 u10 2.5794 2.6833 2.784 2.99063.4555 3.9297 4.2772 4.5202 4.7063 5.0028 6.2647 7.8812 8.9382 9.6301u11 2.5793 2.6837 2.7837 2.9912 3.4561 3.9294 4.2768 4.5204 4.70615.0025 6.2637 7.8827 8.9384 9.6296 u12 2.6756 2.8656 3.1097 3.58584.4555 5.277 5.8584 6.2318 6.4228 6.6184 7.9618 9.7611 10.9166 11.6754u13 2.6764 2.8653 3.1091 3.5859 4.4552 5.2757 5.8595 6.2314 6.42256.6189 7.9616 9.7632 10.9185 11.6664 u14 2.6747 2.8576 3.1006 3.5774.4507 5.2792 5.8832 6.3219 6.6852 7.215 8.9989 11.1777 12.5855 13.5279u15 2.6746 2.8581 3.1004 3.5775 4.4509 5.2795 5.8851 6.3212 6.68427.2149 8.9993 11.1786 12.5908 13.4849 u16 4.6252 4.7674 4.9751 5.4746.4759 7.4011 8.0147 8.3718 8.5777 8.9581 10.8873 13.2883 14.794415.8428 u17 4.6243 4.7676 4.9767 5.4757 6.4751 7.3997 8.0136 8.3728.5775 8.9585 10.885 13.2918 14.8184 15.6955 u18 4.6188 4.7505 4.95855.4675 6.4921 7.4646 8.1858 8.7429 9.2532 9.94 12.2345 14.9831 16.680518.0725 u19 4.62 4.7491 4.9578 5.4681 6.4921 7.4665 8.1853 8.7398 9.25259.9394 12.2364 15.0095 16.8025 17.6716 u20 5.246 5.5472 5.9566 6.70288.0145 9.1828 9.9708 10.5001 10.9359 11.5978 14.1236 17.1287 18.913120.8359 u21 5.2441 5.5486 5.9602 6.7104 8.0232 9.1919 9.9745 10.499910.9341 11.6041 14.1646 17.2749 19.325 20.0208 u22 5.2556 5.6032 6.06376.8816 8.3055 9.641 10.6757 11.4966 12.1712 12.9965 15.8137 19.128121.168 23.862 u23 5.2584 5.602 6.0592 6.8738 8.2927 9.6278 10.667111.5018 12.202 13.088 16.0518 19.6555 22.0945 22.6034 u24 7.0279 7.34627.7844 8.6613 10.2586 11.7039 12.7329 13.483 14.0789 14.878 17.982621.7256 24.1425 27.5194 u25 7.0459 7.3437 7.7662 8.6344 10.2325 11.691312.7532 13.5672 14.2758 15.2586 18.6869 22.8323 25.575 25.8754 u267.4305 7.8203 8.3639 9.4101 11.2613 12.9619 14.2091 15.1187 15.836916.8096 20.4248 24.7955 27.6541 31.8142 u27 7.3941 7.8194 8.4057 9.502711.4236 13.2128 14.5744 15.6519 16.6054 17.8237 21.8049 26.5569 29.656729.6686 u28 8.8516 9.3478 9.9831 11.1654 13.2585 15.161 16.5544 17.609818.5 19.6965 23.9472 29.0147 32.2679 37.1329 u29 9.1461 9.7003 10.417111.7322 14.0437 16.204 17.8423 19.1046 20.1574 21.4926 26.1156 31.583135.0526 34.4897 u30 10.4828 11.1807 12.0295 13.5243 16.1109 18.480420.2275 21.5413 22.6144 23.9997 29.0224 34.929 38.6023 41.5575 u3112.3176 13.1061 14.0796 15.7967 18.7604 21.4433 23.3683 24.7641 25.866327.2995 32.8238 39.2987 43.2007 45.9849 SNR 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 3637 38 39 40 u1 1.0006 1.0043 1.4608 2.031 2.3634 2.5782 2.7135 2.80072.8562 2.8925 2.9145 2.932 2.9432 u2 2.6454 2.7379 3.2219 3.8448 4.22554.4775 4.6426 4.7502 4.8197 4.8656 4.8927 4.9155 4.9282 u3 2.6449 2.7463.6983 4.8763 5.5926 6.0595 6.3617 6.5573 6.6818 6.7624 6.8134 6.85246.8778 u4 4.5762 4.6828 5.6197 6.8402 7.5722 8.051 8.3598 8.5611 8.68788.7697 8.8219 8.8609 8.8865 u5 4.5757 4.7079 6.1651 7.912 8.9681 9.658310.0999 10.3859 10.5661 10.6838 10.7566 10.8106 10.8472 u6 6.2598 6.43657.8821 9.7373 10.8558 11.5914 12.0627 12.3691 12.5612 12.6874 12.76312.8207 12.8615 u7 6.2627 6.5065 8.5398 10.8859 12.31 13.2454 13.841314.2281 14.47 14.6273 14.7205 14.7934 14.8444 u8 8.3042 8.4445 10.431512.8891 14.3481 15.3017 15.9032 16.2913 16.5325 16.6862 16.7743 16.846916.8975 u9 8.3131 8.6065 11.2028 14.1091 15.8609 17.0043 17.7263 18.188918.4766 18.6587 18.7627 18.8479 18.907 u10 10.0729 10.254 12.883315.9704 17.8101 19.0084 19.7625 20.244 20.5396 20.7276 20.8283 20.915120.9752 u11 10.1062 10.5627 13.7734 17.2797 19.3987 20.7764 21.643122.1941 22.5302 22.7431 22.8571 22.9529 23.0199 u12 12.1078 12.302515.599 19.2948 21.4876 22.9043 23.7857 24.3407 24.6737 24.8824 24.988325.0776 25.1403 u13 12.2211 12.8281 16.6269 20.7185 23.1709 24.755425.7402 26.3568 26.7257 26.9539 27.0702 27.1641 27.23 u14 13.978714.3539 18.3392 22.6727 25.2367 26.8878 27.9051 28.5338 28.9056 29.131629.2408 29.3276 29.3905 u15 14.2723 15.1126 19.5353 24.2439 27.047128.8505 29.9595 30.6383 31.0373 31.2752 31.3895 31.4767 31.5389 u1616.1851 16.7817 21.4333 26.3916 29.2986 31.147 32.2702 32.9453 33.330633.5558 33.6536 33.727 33.7773 u17 16.7562 17.7277 22.7796 28.106231.2381 33.2292 34.4336 35.1516 35.5544 35.7864 35.8824 35.9518 35.997u18 18.3851 19.2664 24.6112 30.2335 33.5042 35.5666 36.7993 37.522837.9155 38.1359 38.2116 38.2677 38.2999 u19 19.2499 20.3968 26.132332.1242 35.6097 37.8022 39.1019 39.8565 40.2573 40.4733 40.5406 40.588240.6091 u20 21.0165 22.1002 28.1574 34.4644 38.0874 40.3385 41.651342.3946 42.7722 42.9647 43.0011 43.0265 43.0262 u21 22.1679 23.430629.8838 36.5679 40.3963 42.7627 44.1297 44.8896 45.2621 45.4415 45.458945.4682 45.4529 u22 23.9006 25.1704 31.9904 39.027 43.0119 45.448246.8305 47.576 47.92 48.069 48.0512 48.0322 47.99 u23 25.3642 26.755633.9846 41.4123 45.5943 48.1289 49.5435 50.2892 50.6125 50.7335 50.684450.639 50.5714 u24 27.3645 28.7536 36.3885 44.2002 48.5385 51.127252.5353 53.2485 53.5222 53.5931 53.4946 53.4105 53.3077 u25 29.148430.6214 38.698 46.9287 51.4594 54.1327 55.5551 56.2467 56.4806 56.511956.3625 56.2412 56.1041 u26 31.3343 32.829 41.3722 50.0315 54.73457.4607 58.8707 59.512 59.683 59.6552 59.4393 59.268 59.0883 u27 33.564835.1146 44.1486 53.2678 58.1622 60.9496 62.3471 62.9389 63.0415 62.945462.6599 62.439 62.2059 u28 36.2682 37.8272 47.3995 57.0085 62.083964.905 66.2558 66.7683 66.7757 66.5764 66.2081 65.9151 65.6227 u2939.1974 40.7685 50.93 61.0847 66.3515 69.2122 70.5087 70.932 70.8370.5214 70.0572 69.6802 69.3125 u30 42.8228 44.3725 55.219 65.990371.458 74.3362 75.5397 75.8248 75.5766 75.0956 74.5263 74.0405 73.5803u31 47.4691 48.9596 60.6605 72.1993 77.8935 80.7711 81.8379 81.928681.4804 80.7898 80.0683 79.4178 78.8141

Thus, a coding and modulation apparatus making use of these NUC tablescomprises

-   -   an encoder that encodes input data into cell words, and    -   a modulator that modulates said cell words into constellation        values of a non-uniform constellation,    -   wherein said modulator is configured to use, based on the total        number M of constellation points of the constellation, the        signal-to-noise ratio SNR in dB and the channel characteristics,        a non-uniform constellation from a group of constellations        comprising one or more of the constellations defined by the        constellation position vector u_(1 . . . v), wherein        v=sqrt(M)/2−1, as described in the NUC tables.

FIG. 5 shows a BER performance comparison for 1024-QAM and code rate ½(LDPC block size: 64 k bits) between uniform and the proposednon-uniform constellation (optimized for 15 . . . 18 dB). In thisexample, 1.5 dB shaping gain can be achieved with NUCs. The followingtable summarizes the gain of 1 k NUCs over AWGN channel with 64 k LDPCthat has been achieved with NUCs in system simulations:

FIG. 6 shows an illustration of the NUC gain for 1024-QAM.

Shannon has shown that the distribution of the signal alphabet formaximum capacity in the AWGN channel must be Gaussian as well (high SNRscenario in the left FIG. 6, 27 dB). Looking at 8 dB SNR (i.e. low SNRscenario in the right diagram of FIG. 6), the optimum constellationsunveils areas with dense packet constellations. From a first impressionit seems that some LSBs are “sacrificed” to enhance the MSBsperformance. In fact the densely packed shape allows for betterdistinction between the bits with lower bit order (especially MSB-1 andMSB-2) increasing their capacity, the LSBs anyhow hardly carry anyinformation at low SNR.

It should be noted that all proposed NUCs can still be demapped with aregular 1D-Demapper. Alternatively to these 1D-NUCs, symmetric2-dimensional non uniform constellations (2D-NUCs, meaning quadrantsymmetric constellations, and sometimes also named as quadrant-symmetricQNUC) can provide some additional BICM capacity gain. 2D NUCs arederived from a single quadrant of the constellation, i.e. from theremaining quadrants can easily be calculated due to symmetries. FIG. 7exemplary shows a 16-2D-NUC optimized for 7 dB SNR (left) and 64-2D-NUCoptimized for 10 dB SNR (middle) and 15 dB SNR (right), all optimized inAWGN channel.

2D-NUCs outperform the upper 1D-NUCs over the complete SNR range, butespecially improve the performance in the low SNR region and relatedsmaller constellation orders. For larger constellation orders like256-NUC the additional gain of 2D-NUCs decreases. The additional shapinggain of 2D-NUCs however comes at the cost of additional complexity inthe demapper by performing two-dimensional QAM demapping, since all bitsof 2D-NUCs must be demapped considering both in- and quadrature phasecomponent. Therefore 2D-NUCs are proposed mainly for lower constellationorders.

Thus, a coding and modulation apparatus making use of these QNUC(2D-NUC) tables comprises

-   -   an encoder that encodes input data into cell words, and    -   a modulator that modulates said cell words into constellation        values of a non-uniform constellation,

-   wherein said modulator is configured to use, based on the total    number M of constellation points of the constellation and the    signal-to-noise ratio SNR in dB, a non-uniform constellation from a    group of constellations comprising one or more of the following    constellations, wherein the constellation points of the different    quadrants of a constellation are defined by a constellation position    vector w_(0 . . . b−1), wherein b=M/4, wherein

-   the constellation points x_(0 . . . b−1) of a first quadrant are    defined as x_(0 . . . b−1)=w_(0 . . . b−1),

-   the constellation points x_(b . . . 2b−1) of a second quadrant are    defined as x_(b . . . 2b−1)=conj(w_(0 . . . b−1)),

-   the constellation points x_(3b . . . 4b−1) of a third quadrant are    defined as x_(3b . . . 4b−1)=−w_(0 . . . b−1),

-   the constellation points x_(2b . . . 3b−1) of a fourth quadrant are    defined as x_(2b . . . 3b−1)=−conj(w_(0 . . . b−1)),

-   wherein conj is the complex conjugate, and

-   wherein the constellation position vectors of the different    constellations of the group of constellations are defined in the    QNUC tables.

In the following the definition of the NUC position vectors obtained byuse of the above described approach for obtaining QQAM constellations isprovided for some values of M. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is alwaysdenoted in dB.

-   a) 16QQAM—AWGN channel

w SNR w0 w1 w2 w3 0 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.5 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i0.7071 + 0.7071i 1 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i0.7071 + 0.7071i 1.5 0.6921 + 0.8373i 0.8373 + 0.6921i 0.5853 + 0.6908i0.6908 + 0.5854i 2 0.5879 + 0.4053i 1.0566 + 0.6114i 0.4053 + 0.5879i0.6114 + 1.0566i 2.5 0.5354 + 0.3507i 0.3507 + 0.5354i 1.1217 + 0.5763i0.5763 + 1.1217i 3 0.5551 + 1.1571i 0.3189 + 0.5012i 1.1571 + 0.5551i0.5012 + 0.3189i 3.5 0.5410 + 1.1789i 1.1789 + 0.5410i 0.2981 + 0.4781i0.4781 + 0.2981i 4 0.5309 + 1.1928i 1.1928 + 0.5309i 0.2842 + 0.4633i0.4633 + 0.2842i 4.5 0.2752 + 0.4551i 0.4551 + 0.2752i 0.5232 + 1.2014i1.2014 + 0.5232i 5 0.2696 + 0.4521i 0.4521 + 0.2696i 0.5169 + 1.2065i1.2065 + 0.5169i 5.5 1.2092 + 0.5115i 0.4530 + 0.2663i 0.5115 + 1.2092i0.2663 + 0.4530i 6 0.2642 + 0.4570i 0.4570 + 0.2642i 0.5067 + 1.2102i1.2102 + 0.5067i 6.5 0.4634 + 0.2626i 1.2100 + 0.5023i 0.2626 + 0.4634i0.5023 + 1.2100i 7 0.2606 + 0.4718i 0.4718 + 0.2606i 0.4984 + 1.2088i1.2088 + 0.4984i 7.5 0.4951 + 1.2068i 1.2068 + 0.4951i 0.2575 + 0.4819i0.4819 + 0.2575i 8 0.4925 + 1.2040i 0.2530 + 0.4936i 1.2040 + 0.4925i0.4936 + 0.2530i 8.5 0.5061 + 0.2474i 0.2474 + 0.5061i 1.2007 + 0.4909i0.4909 + 1.2007i 9 0.2472 + 0.5461i 0.4910 + 0.2363i 0.5032 + 1.2019i1.1908 + 0.4773i 9.5 0.6186 + 0.2544i 0.2213 + 0.4416i 1.2080 + 0.5377i0.4487 + 1.1657i 10 0.2173 + 0.4189i 0.6578 + 0.2571i 0.4326 + 1.1445i1.2088 + 0.5659i 10.5 0.9576 + 0.2881i 0.2881 + 0.2881i 0.9576 + 0.9576i0.2881 + 0.9576i 11 0.2918 + 0.2918i 0.9565 + 0.2918i 0.2918 + 0.9565i0.9565 + 0.9565i 11.5 0.2949 − 0.2949i 0.9555 − 0.2949i 0.2949 − 0.9555i0.9555 − 0.9555i 12 0.2976 − 0.2976i 0.9547 − 0.2976i 0.2976 − 0.9547i0.9547 − 0.9547i 12.5 0.2999 − 0.2999i 0.9540 − 0.2999i 0.2999 − 0.9540i0.9540 − 0.9540i 13 0.3018 − 0.3018i 0.9534 − 0.3018i 0.3018 − 0.9534i0.9534 − 0.9534i 13.5 0.3035 − 0.3035i 0.9528 − 0.3035i 0.3035 − 0.9528i0.9528 − 0.9528i 14 0.3050 − 0.3050i 0.9523 − 0.3050i 0.3050 − 0.9523i0.9523 − 0.9523i 14.5 0.3063 − 0.3063i 0.9519 − 0.3063i 0.3063 − 0.9519i0.9519 − 0.9519i 15 0.9516 + 0.9512i 0.9516 + 0.3073i 0.3074 + 0.9519i0.3075 + 0.3076i

-   b) 32QQAM—AWGN channel

w SNR w0 w1 w2 w3 0 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071ii 0.7071 + 0.7071i0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.5 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i0.7071 + 0.7071i 1 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i0.7071 + 0.7071i 1.5 0.5852 + 0.6908i 0.6906 + 0.5853i 0.6919 + 0.8373i0.8369 + 0.6921i 2 0.4053 + 0.5879i 0.5879 + 0.4054i 0.6114 + 1.0565i1.0566 + 0.6114i 2.5 0.3507 + 0.5354i 0.5354 + 0.3507i 0.5763 + 1.1217i1.1217 + 0.5763i 3 0.3189 + 0.5012i 0.5012 + 0.3189i 0.5551 + 1.1571i1.1571 + 0.5551i 3.5 0.2981 + 0.4781i 0.4781 + 0.2981i 0.5410 + 1.1789i1.1789 + 0.5410i 4 0.2842 + 0.4633i 0.4633 + 0.2842i 0.5309 + 1.1927i1.1927 + 0.5309i 4.5 0.2752 + 0.4551i 0.4551 + 0.2752i 0.5232 + 1.2014i1.2014 + 0.5232i 5 0.2696 + 0.4521i 0.4521 + 0.2696i 0.5170 + 1.2065i1.2065 + 0.5169i 5.5 0.2663 + 0.4530i 0.4530 + 0.2663i 0.5115 + 1.2092i1.2092 + 0.5115i 6 0.2642 + 0.4570i 0.4570 + 0.2642i 0.5067 + 1.2102i1.2102 + 0.5067i 6.5 0.2553 + 0.4543i 0.4543 + 0.2553i 0.4305 + 1.2537i1.2537 + 0.4305i 7 0.2470 + 0.4515i 0.4515 + 0.2470i 0.3595 + 1.2746i1.2746 + 0.3595i 7.5 0.2410 + 0.4578i 0.4577 + 0.2410i 0.3211 + 1.2755i1.2755 + 0.3211i 8 0.2351 + 0.4699i 0.4699 + 0.2351i 0.2957 + 1.2701i1.2701 + 0.2957i 8.5 0.2270 + 0.3121i 0.6255 + 0.2091i 0.3173 + 1.3160i1.3378 + 0.3422i 9 0.2117 + 0.2518i 0.6564 + 0.1984i 0.3463 + 1.3865i1.3392 + 0.3470i 9.5 0.2014 + 0.2235i 0.6716 + 0.1924i 0.3533 + 1.4075i1.3374 + 0.3431i 10 0.1946 + 0.2025i 0.6811 + 0.1872i 0.3555 + 1.4163i1.3323 + 0.3370i 10.5 0.1917 + 0.1863i 0.6885 + 0.1824i 0.3554 + 1.4185i1.3247 + 0.3312i 11 0.1929 + 0.1744i 0.6963 + 0.1782i 0.3541 + 1.4168i1.3162 + 0.3270i 11.5 0.1978 + 0.1660i 0.7046 + 0.1752i 0.3521 + 1.4127i1.3074 + 0.3244i 12 0.2047 + 0.1603i 0.7126 + 0.1738i 0.3499 + 1.4076i1.2978 + 0.3226i 12.5 0.2121 + 0.1569i 0.7185 + 0.1739i 0.3478 + 1.4027i1.2867 + 0.3209i 13 0.2187 + 0.1559i 0.7211 + 0.1755i 0.3459 + 1.3987i1.2734 + 0.3186i 13.5 0.2234 + 0.1575i 0.7198 + 0.1782i 0.3442 + 1.3961i1.2579 + 0.3156i 14 0.2261 + 0.1614i 0.7147 + 0.1816i 0.3425 + 1.3949i1.2405 + 0.3119i 14.5 0.2113 + 0.1819i 0.6590 + 0.1934i 0.6163 + 1.2930i1.1691 + 0.2524i 15 0.2082 + 0.1903i 0.6467 + 0.1971i 0.6624 + 1.2634i1.1455 + 0.2430i w SNR w4 w5 w6 w7 0 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.5 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i 1 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i 1.5 0.5856 + 0.6908i 0.6911 + 0.5854i0.6923 + 0.8374i 0.8376 + 0.6922i 2 0.4053 + 0.5879i 0.5879 + 0.4053i0.6114 + 1.0565i 1.0566 + 0.6114i 2.5 0.3507 + 0.5354i 0.5354 + 0.3507i0.5763 + 1.1217i 1.1217 + 0.5763i 3 0.3189 + 0.5012i 0.5012 + 0.3189i0.5551 + 1.1571i 1.1572 + 0.5551i 3.5 0.2980 + 0.4781i 0.4781 + 0.2981i0.5410 + 1.1789i 1.1789 + 0.5410i 4 0.2842 + 0.4633i 0.4633 + 0.2842i0.5310 + 1.1928i 1.1928 + 0.5310i 4.5 0.2752 + 0.4551i 0.4551 + 0.2752i0.5232 + 1.2014i 1.2014 + 0.5232i 5 0.2696 + 0.4521i 0.4521 + 0.2696i0.5169 + 1.2065i 1.2065 + 0.5170i 5.5 0.2663 + 0.4530i 0.4530 + 0.2663i0.5115 + 1.2092i 1.2092 + 0.5115i 6 0.2642 + 0.4570i 0.4570 + 0.2642i0.5067 + 1.2102i 1.2102 + 0.5067i 6.5 0.2699 + 0.4632i 0.4632 + 0.2699i0.5752 + 1.1632i 1.1632 + 0.5752i 7 0.2734 + 0.4630i 0.4630 + 0.2734i0.6396 + 1.1327i 1.1327 + 0.6395i 7.5 0.2728 + 0.4655i 0.4655 + 0.2728i0.6715 + 1.1226i 1.1226 + 0.6715i 8 0.2695 + 0.4698i 0.4698 + 0.2695i0.6913 + 1.1190i 1.1190 + 0.6913i 8.5 0.2428 + 0.4444i 0.5783 + 0.3109i0.4151 + 1.0074i 1.0441 + 0.8436i 9 0.2317 + 0.4565i 0.6091 + 0.3434i0.3354 + 0.9582i 0.9927 + 0.8356i 9.5 0.2276 + 0.4678i 0.6230 + 0.3674i0.3047 + 0.9383i 0.9683 + 0.8393i 10 0.2266 + 0.4818i 0.6303 + 0.3928i0.2860 + 0.9269i 0.9538 + 0.8460i 10.5 0.2273 + 0.4949i 0.6340 + 0.4191i0.2729 + 0.9204i 0.9446 + 0.8543i 11 0.2283 + 0.5036i 0.6364 + 0.4437i0.2627 + 0.9170i 0.9382 + 0.8637i 11.5 0.2287 + 0.5076i 0.6386 + 0.4654i0.2546 + 0.9154i 0.9335 + 0.8738i 12 0.2280 + 0.5086i 0.6410 + 0.4845i0.2485 + 0.9154i 0.9299 + 0.8841i 12.5 0.2258 + 0.5089i 0.6431 + 0.5018i0.2443 + 0.9172i 0.9274 + 0.8949i 13 0.2225 + 0.5103i 0.6446 + 0.5183i0.2415 + 0.9207i 0.9257 + 0.9059i 13.5 0.2189 + 0.5139i 0.6455 + 0.5346i0.2398 + 0.9259i 0.9246 + 0.9174i 14 0.2157 + 0.5201i 0.6463 + 0.5505i0.2389 + 0.9324i 0.9230 + 0.9294i 14.5 0.2042 + 0.5736i 0.6214 + 0.5984i0.2154 + 1.0277i 1.0670 + 0.7825i 15 0.2028 + 0.5942i 0.6209 + 0.6087i0.2221 + 1.0561i 1.0812 + 0.7572i

-   c) 64QQAM—AWGN channel

w SNR w0 w1 w2 w3 w4 w5 w6 w7 0 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.5 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i 1 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i 1.5 0.8374 + 0.6919i 0.6909 + 0.5852i0.8371 + 0.6921i 0.6907 + 0.5853i 0.8375 + 0.6921i 0.6910 + 0.5854i0.8372 + 0.6923i 0.6908 + 0.5855i 2 1.0566 + 0.6114i 1.0566 + 0.6114i0.5879 + 0.4053i 0.5879 + 0.4053i 0.6114 + 1.0566i 0.6114 + 1.0566i0.4053 + 0.5879i 0.4053 + 0.5879i 2.5 1.1217 + 0.5763i 1.1217 + 0.5763i1.1217 + 0.5763i 1.1217 + 0.5763i 0.5354 + 0.3507i 0.5354 + 0.3507i0.5354 + 0.3507i 0.5354 + 0.3507i 3 0.5551 + 1.1571i 0.3189 + 0.5012i1.1571 + 0.5551i 0.5012 + 0.3189i 0.5551 + 1.1571i 0.3189 + 0.5012i1.1572 + 0.5551i 0.5012 + 0.3189i 3.5 1.1789 + 0.5410i 1.1789 + 0.5410i1.1789 + 0.5410i 1.1789 + 0.5410i 0.4781 + 0.2981i 0.4781 + 0.2980i0.4781 + 0.2981i 0.4781 + 0.2981i 4 0.2842 + 0.4633i 0.2842 + 0.4633i0.5309 + 1.1928i 0.5309 + 1.1927i 0.2842 + 0.4633i 0.2842 + 0.4633i0.5309 + 1.1928i 0.5309 + 1.1927i 4.5 0.5232 + 1.2014i 0.5232 + 1.2014i0.5232 + 1.2014i 0.5232 + 1.2014i 1.2014 + 0.5232i 1.2014 + 0.5232i1.2014 + 0.5232i 1.2014 + 0.5232i 5 1.2065 + 0.5170i 1.2065 + 0.5169i1.2065 + 0.5169i 1.2066 + 0.5169i 0.5170 + 1.2065i 0.5169 + 1.2065i0.5169 + 1.2065i 0.5169 + 1.2065i 5.5 1.2092 + 0.5115i 1.2092 + 0.5115i1.2092 + 0.5115i 1.2092 + 0.5115i 0.4530 + 0.2663i 0.4530 + 0.2663i0.4530 + 0.2663i 0.4530 + 0.2663i 6 0.2642 + 0.4570i 0.2642 + 0.4570i0.2642 + 0.4570i 0.2642 + 0.4570i 0.4570 + 0.2642i 0.4570 + 0.2642i0.4570 + 0.2642i 0.4570 + 0.2642i 6.5 0.5752 + 1.1632i 0.4305 + 1.2537i0.5752 + 1.1632i 0.4305 + 1.2537i 1.1632 + 0.5752i 1.2537 + 0.4305i1.1632 + 0.5752i 1.2537 + 0.4305i 7 0.3595 + 1.2746i 0.6396 + 1.1327i0.3595 + 1.2746i 0.6396 + 1.1327i 1.2746 + 0.3595i 1.1327 + 0.6396i1.2746 + 0.3595i 1.1327 + 0.6396i 7.5 0.7476 + 1.2181i 0.5961 + 1.0258i0.3325 + 1.3887i 0.3069 + 1.1510i 1.2181 + 0.7475i 1.0258 + 0.5961i1.3887 + 0.3325i 1.1510 + 0.3069i 8 0.3109 + 1.4253i 0.7943 + 1.2523i0.2868 + 1.0998i 0.5786 + 0.9799i 1.4253 + 0.3109i 1.2523 + 0.7943i1.0998 + 0.2868i 0.9799 + 0.5786i 8.5 1.6023 + 0.4387i 1.0881 + 0.8753i0.4387 + 1.6023i 0.8753 + 1.0881i 0.9239 + 0.2202i 0.8454 + 0.3049i0.7818 + 0.2019i 0.7540 + 0.2653i 9 0.4221 + 1.5951i 1.5951 + 0.4221i0.8732 + 1.0971i 1.0971 + 0.8732i 0.7823 + 0.2020i 0.9288 + 0.2247i0.7537 + 0.2686i 0.8479 + 0.3175i 9.5 0.8408 + 1.2670i 0.5485 + 0.9136i0.2950 + 1.4844i 0.2548 + 1.0308i 1.2670 + 0.8407i 0.9136 + 0.5485i1.4844 + 0.2950i 1.0308 + 0.2548i 10 1.2647 + 0.8443i 1.4891 + 0.2935i0.9020 + 0.5498i 1.0230 + 0.2451i 0.3069 + 0.1750i 0.3075 + 0.1615i0.5944 + 0.3252i 0.6401 + 0.2182i 10.5 0.2925 + 1.4892i 0.8449 + 1.2622i0.2351 + 1.0196i 0.5555 + 0.8926i 1.4892 + 0.2925i 1.2622 + 0.8449i1.0196 + 0.2351i 0.8926 + 0.5555i 11 0.8435 + 1.2594i 0.5630 + 0.8851i0.2921 + 1.4867i 0.2255 + 1.0193i 1.2594 + 0.8435i 0.8851 + 0.5630i1.4867 + 0.2921i 1.0193 + 0.2255i 11.5 0.2920 + 1.4827i 0.8411 + 1.2563i0.2174 + 1.0211i 0.5702 + 0.8798i 1.4827 + 0.2920i 1.2563 + 0.8411i1.0211 + 0.2174i 0.8798 + 0.5702i 12 0.2920 + 1.4781i 0.8380 + 1.2527i0.2112 + 1.0242i 0.5763 + 0.8768i 1.4781 + 0.2920i 1.2527 + 0.8380i1.0242 + 0.2112i 0.8768 + 0.5763i 12.5 0.2920 + 1.4732i 0.8348 + 1.2487i0.2071 + 1.0283i 0.5811 + 0.8760i 1.4732 + 0.2920i 1.2487 + 0.8348i1.0283 + 0.2071i 0.8760 + 0.5811i 13 0.2978 + 1.4669i 0.8421 + 1.2355i0.2135 + 1.0389i 0.6055 + 0.8654i 1.4685 + 0.2859i 1.2516 + 0.8201i1.0279 + 0.1981i 0.8857 + 0.5642i 13.5 1.4627 + 0.2996i 1.0469 + 0.2187i1.2278 + 0.8422i 0.8605 + 0.6179i 0.4106 + 0.1299i 0.7441 + 0.1749i0.3822 + 0.1824i 0.6160 + 0.4168i 14 0.2989 + 1.4602i 0.8389 + 1.2232i0.2232 + 1.0534i 0.6245 + 0.8593i 1.4560 + 0.2819i 1.2434 + 0.8085i1.0319 + 0.1914i 0.8945 + 0.5550i 14.5 0.2878 + 1.4388i 0.8133 + 1.2150i0.2219 + 1.0386i 0.6145 + 0.8494i 1.4656 + 0.2931i 1.2278 + 0.8230i1.0649 + 0.2069i 0.8971 + 0.5677i 15 0.9687 − 0.4488i 0.1261 − 0.4193i0.6752 − 0.4269i 0.3896 − 0.4201i 1.0304 − 0.1506i 0.1248 − 0.1379i0.6647 − 0.1295i 0.3769 − 0.1364i 15.5 0.9856 − 0.4661i 0.1264 − 0.4145i0.6825 − 0.4329i 0.3948 − 0.4179i 1.0366 − 0.1534i 0.1272 − 0.1353i0.6796 − 0.1340i 0.3877 − 0.1359i 16 1.0161 − 0.4912i 0.1287 − 0.4061i0.6966 − 0.4427i 0.4025 − 0.4142i 1.0441 − 0.1581i 0.1321 − 0.1317i0.6995 − 0.1411i 0.4035 − 0.1354i 16.5 1.0519 − 0.5188i 0.1325 − 0.3998i0.7146 − 0.4532i 0.4122 − 0.4120i 1.0500 − 0.1642i 0.1374 − 0.1295i0.7170 − 0.1473i 0.4185 − 0.1357i 17 1.0725 − 0.5328i 0.1361 − 0.4023i0.7267 − 0.4592i 0.4198 − 0.4151i 1.0501 − 0.1676i 0.1398 − 0.1309i0.7233 − 0.1496i 0.4246 − 0.1370i 17.5 1.0854 − 0.5394i 0.1392 − 0.4078i0.7353 − 0.4623i 0.4262 − 0.4205i 1.0474 − 0.1695i 0.1407 − 0.1336i0.7243 − 0.1504i 0.4265 − 0.1388i 18 1.0941 − 0.5424i 0.1418 − 0.4131i0.7424 − 0.4645i 0.4318 − 0.4266i 1.0439 − 0.1707i 0.1411 − 0.1361i0.7235 − 0.1509i 0.4269 − 0.1406i 18.5 1.0998 − 0.5430i 0.1439 − 0.4173i0.7487 − 0.4666i 0.4370 − 0.4325i 1.0405 − 0.1713i 0.1414 − 0.1380i0.7224 − 0.1517i 0.4269 − 0.1425i 19 1.1032 − 0.5410i 0.1458 − 0.4204i0.7543 − 0.4691i 0.4418 − 0.4382i 1.0373 − 0.1716i 0.1414 − 0.1393i0.7213 − 0.1527i 0.4267 − 0.1443i 19.5 1.1043 − 0.5346i 0.1473 − 0.4225i0.7587 − 0.4731i 0.4459 − 0.4435i 1.0338 − 0.1710i 0.1414 − 0.1401i0.7201 − 0.1544i 0.4264 − 0.1461i 20 1.1039 − 0.5232i 0.1486 − 0.4237i0.7620 − 0.4802i 0.4492 − 0.4482i 1.0304 − 0.1696i 0.1413 − 0.1405i0.7193 − 0.1572i 0.4263 − 0.1477i w SNR w8 w9 w10 w11 w12 w13 w14 w15 00.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.50.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i 10.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7071 + 0.7071i 0.7072 + 0.7071i 1.50.6922 + 0.8371i 0.5854 + 0.6907i 0.6920 + 0.8373i 0.5852 + 0.6908i0.6923 + 0.8373i 0.5854 + 0.6908i 0.6920 + 0.8375i 0.5853 + 0.6910i 21.0565 + 0.6114i 1.0565 + 0.6114i 0.5879 + 0.4053i 0.5879 + 0.4053i0.6114 + 1.0566i 0.6114 + 1.0566i 0.4053 + 0.5879i 0.4053 + 0.5879i 2.50.5763 + 1.1217i 0.5763 + 1.1217i 0.5763 + 1.1217i 0.5763 + 1.1217i0.3507 + 0.5354i 0.3507 + 0.5354i 0.3507 + 0.5354i 0.3507 + 0.5354i 30.5551 + 1.1571i 0.3189 + 0.5012i 1.1571 + 0.5551i 0.5012 + 0.3189i0.5551 + 1.1572i 0.3189 + 0.5012i 1.1571 + 0.5551i 0.5012 + 0.3189i 3.50.5410 + 1.1789i 0.5410 + 1.1789i 0.5410 + 1.1789i 0.5410 + 1.1789i0.2980 + 0.4781i 0.2980 + 0.4781i 0.2980 + 0.4781i 0.2980 + 0.4781i 40.4633 + 0.2842i 0.4633 + 0.2842i 1.1927 + 0.5309i 1.1927 + 0.5309i0.4633 + 0.2842i 0.4633 + 0.2842i 1.1928 + 0.5309i 1.1928 + 0.5309i 4.50.2752 + 0.4551i 0.2752 + 0.4551i 0.2752 + 0.4551i 0.2752 + 0.4551i0.4551 + 0.2752i 0.4551 + 0.2752i 0.4551 + 0.2752i 0.4551 + 0.2752i 50.4521 + 0.2696i 0.4521 + 0.2696i 0.4521 + 0.2696i 0.4521 + 0.2696i0.2696 + 0.4521i 0.2696 + 0.4521i 0.2696 + 0.4521i 0.2696 + 0.4521i 5.50.5115 + 1.2092i 0.5115 + 1.2092i 0.5115 + 1.2092i 0.5115 + 1.2092i0.2663 + 0.4530i 0.2663 + 0.4530i 0.2663 + 0.4530i 0.2663 + 0.4530i 60.5067 + 1.2102i 0.5067 + 1.2102i 0.5067 + 1.2102i 0.5067 + 1.2102i1.2102 + 0.5067i 1.2102 + 0.5067i 1.2102 + 0.5067i 1.2102 + 0.5067i 6.50.2699 + 0.4632i 0.2553 + 0.4543i 0.2699 + 0.4632i 0.2553 + 0.4543i0.4632 + 0.2699i 0.4543 + 0.2553i 0.4632 + 0.2699i 0.4543 + 0.2553i 70.2470 + 0.4515i 0.2734 + 0.4630i 0.2470 + 0.4515i 0.2734 + 0.4630i0.4515 + 0.2470i 0.4630 + 0.2734i 0.4515 + 0.2470i 0.4630 + 0.2734i 7.50.2486 + 0.4162i 0.2870 + 0.4969i 0.2266 + 0.4085i 0.2500 + 0.4969i0.4162 + 0.2486i 0.4969 + 0.2870i 0.4084 + 0.2266i 0.4969 + 0.2500i 80.2104 + 0.3815i 0.2282 + 0.3849i 0.2478 + 0.5286i 0.2937 + 0.5184i0.3815 + 0.2104i 0.3849 + 0.2282i 0.5286 + 0.2478i 0.5184 + 0.2937i 8.50.2019 + 0.7818i 0.2653 + 0.7540i 0.2202 + 0.9239i 0.3049 + 0.8454i0.2479 + 0.2675i 0.2701 + 0.2890i 0.2675 + 0.2479i 0.2890 + 0.2701i 90.2247 + 0.9288i 0.2020 + 0.7823i 0.3175 + 0.8479i 0.2686 + 0.7537i0.2676 + 0.2415i 0.2415 + 0.2676i 0.2913 + 0.2660i 0.2660 + 0.2913i 9.50.1821 + 0.3172i 0.3159 + 0.5815i 0.1695 + 0.3173i 0.2278 + 0.6176i0.3172 + 0.1821i 0.5815 + 0.3159i 0.3173 + 0.1695i 0.6176 + 0.2278i 100.8443 + 1.2648i 0.2935 + 1.4891i 0.5498 + 0.9020i 0.2451 + 1.0230i0.1750 + 0.3069i 0.1615 + 0.3075i 0.3252 + 0.5944i 0.2182 + 0.6401i 10.50.1558 + 0.3029i 0.1712 + 0.3021i 0.2075 + 0.6586i 0.3354 + 0.6030i0.3029 + 0.1558i 0.3021 + 0.1712i 0.6586 + 0.2075i 0.6030 + 0.3354i 110.1697 + 0.3011i 0.3460 + 0.6087i 0.1514 + 0.3020i 0.1969 + 0.6737i0.3011 + 0.1697i 0.6087 + 0.3460i 0.3020 + 0.1514i 0.6737 + 0.1969i 11.50.1475 + 0.3040i 0.1691 + 0.3028i 0.1871 + 0.6855i 0.3563 + 0.6126i0.3040 + 0.1475i 0.3028 + 0.1691i 0.6855 + 0.1871i 0.6126 + 0.3563i 120.1436 + 0.3081i 0.1684 + 0.3059i 0.1789 + 0.6942i 0.3657 + 0.6155i0.3081 + 0.1436i 0.3059 + 0.1684i 0.6942 + 0.1789i 0.6155 + 0.3657i 12.50.1393 + 0.3138i 0.1671 + 0.3094i 0.1720 + 0.7004i 0.3741 + 0.6174i0.3138 + 0.1393i 0.3094 + 0.1671i 0.7004 + 0.1720i 0.6174 + 0.3741i 130.1338 + 0.3767i 0.1752 + 0.3563i 0.1756 + 0.7261i 0.4023 + 0.6180i0.2713 + 0.1337i 0.2748 + 0.1572i 0.6840 + 0.1578i 0.6145 + 0.3555i 13.50.2831 + 1.4625i 0.1935 + 1.0296i 0.8124 + 1.2487i 0.5574 + 0.8909i0.1287 + 0.2512i 0.1488 + 0.6759i 0.1538 + 0.2598i 0.3493 + 0.6111i 140.1266 + 0.4289i 0.1907 + 0.3970i 0.1717 + 0.7575i 0.4261 + 0.6136i0.2362 + 0.1255i 0.2560 + 0.1549i 0.6735 + 0.1418i 0.6085 + 0.3483i 14.50.1177 + 0.4119i 0.2516 + 0.3998i 0.1559 + 0.7442i 0.4328 + 0.5954i0.1678 + 0.1166i 0.3325 + 0.1582i 0.7408 + 0.1355i 0.6200 + 0.3227i 151.1704 − 0.7904i 0.1452 − 0.7405i 0.6932 − 0.8128i 0.4017 − 0.7221i1.4580 − 0.2741i 0.1644 − 1.0798i 0.7344 − 1.2171i 0.2867 − 1.4419i 15.51.1580 − 0.8178i 0.1416 − 0.7330i 0.6913 − 0.8132i 0.4018 − 0.7177i1.4529 − 0.2702i 0.1686 − 1.0718i 0.7097 − 1.2125i 0.2732 − 1.4375i 161.1306 − 0.8649i 0.1385 − 0.7199i 0.6874 − 0.8123i 0.4017 − 0.7107i1.4516 − 0.2578i 0.1689 − 1.0567i 0.6750 − 1.2072i 0.2558 − 1.4247i 16.51.0952 − 0.9115i 0.1369 − 0.7073i 0.6868 − 0.8108i 0.4044 − 0.7057i1.4480 − 0.2403i 0.1677 − 1.0405i 0.6406 − 1.1995i 0.2402 − 1.4087i 171.0771 − 0.9315i 0.1373 − 0.7043i 0.6956 − 0.8095i 0.4114 − 0.7109i1.4380 − 0.2294i 0.1680 − 1.0338i 0.6220 − 1.1896i 0.2326 − 1.3986i 17.51.0693 − 0.9408i 0.1388 − 0.7057i 0.7092 − 0.8073i 0.4197 − 0.7206i1.4261 − 0.2216i 0.1682 − 1.0316i 0.6106 − 1.1783i 0.2287 − 1.3914i 181.0666 − 0.9452i 0.1406 − 0.7083i 0.7229 − 0.8052i 0.4275 − 0.7307i1.4143 − 0.2157i 0.1685 − 1.0310i 0.6029 − 1.1680i 0.2262 − 1.3855i 18.51.0673 − 0.9458i 0.1425 − 0.7109i 0.7349 − 0.8045i 0.4344 − 0.7399i1.4036 − 0.2110i 0.1691 − 1.0309i 0.5971 − 1.1599i 0.2240 − 1.3805i 191.0720 − 0.9413i 0.1445 − 0.7131i 0.7452 − 0.8057i 0.4404 − 0.7481i1.3941 − 0.2072i 0.1697 − 1.0309i 0.5918 − 1.1539i 0.2216 − 1.3761i 19.51.0847 − 0.9271i 0.1467 − 0.7148i 0.7552 − 0.8112i 0.4463 − 0.7557i1.3857 − 0.2033i 0.1703 − 1.0305i 0.5851 − 1.1507i 0.2181 − 1.3721i 201.1043 − 0.9013i 0.1491 − 0.7159i 0.7655 − 0.8232i 0.4529 − 0.7625i1.3785 − 0.1990i 0.1705 − 1.0293i 0.5745 − 1.1503i 0.2128 − 1.3684i

-   d) 256QQAM—AWGN channel

w SNR w0 w1 w2 w3 w4 w5 w6 w7 5 0.4521 + 0.2696i 0.4521 + 0.2696i1.2065 + 0.5169i 1.2065 + 0.5169i 0.4521 + 0.2696i 0.4521 + 0.2696i1.2065 + 0.5169i 1.2065 + 0.5169i 5.5 0.4530 + 0.2663i 0.4530 + 0.2663i1.2092 + 0.5115i 1.2092 + 0.5115i 0.4530 + 0.2663i 0.4530 + 0.2663i1.2092 + 0.5115i 1.2092 + 0.5115i 6 1.2102 + 0.5067i 1.2102 + 0.5067i1.2102 + 0.5067i 1.2102 + 0.5066i 0.4570 + 0.2642i 0.4570 + 0.2642i0.4570 + 0.2642i 0.4570 + 0.2642i 6.5 1.2537 + 0.4305i 1.2537 + 0.4304i1.2537 + 0.4305i 1.2537 + 0.4305i 1.1632 + 0.5752i 1.1632 + 0.5752i1.1632 + 0.5752i 1.1632 + 0.5752i 7 1.1322 + 0.6970i 1.0432 + 0.6178i1.5234 + 1.0871i 1.1322 + 0.6970i 1.2925 + 0.3605i 1.1736 + 0.3521i1.6996 + 0.3860i 1.2925 + 0.3605i 7.5 0.2741 + 0.4749i 0.2526 + 0.4285i0.5864 + 1.0293i 0.6595 + 1.1198i 0.2951 + 0.5185i 0.2741 + 0.4749i0.5525 + 0.9862i 0.5864 + 1.0293i 8 0.3565 + 1.7813i 0.3059 + 1.2626i0.3059 + 1.2626i 0.2962 + 1.1484i 1.0099 + 1.5146i 0.6749 + 1.1091i0.6749 + 1.1091i 0.6000 + 1.0201i 8.5 0.3488 + 1.7914i 0.2880 + 1.2587i0.2880 + 1.2587i 0.2788 + 1.1468i 1.0152 + 1.5168i 0.6879 + 1.1023i0.6879 + 1.1023i 0.6127 + 1.0130i 9 1.6414 + 0.6837i 0.9335 + 0.8803i0.2681 + 1.4953i 0.7270 + 0.9501i 1.8682 + 0.2925i 0.8579 + 0.9067i0.3433 + 1.4695i 0.6978 + 1.0003i 9.5 1.6327 + 0.6734i 0.9469 + 0.8771i0.2526 + 1.4830i 0.7372 + 0.9369i 1.8490 + 0.2874i 0.8644 + 0.9027i0.3370 + 1.4511i 0.7054 + 0.9892i 10 1.7476 − 0.3437i 1.4279 − 0.2830i0.9979 − 0.2435i 1.0202 − 0.2443i 1.4280 − 0.2830i 1.3530 − 0.2686i1.0202 − 0.2443i 1.0415 − 0.2449i 10.5 1.7549 − 0.3495i 1.4293 − 0.2804i0.9857 − 0.2340i 1.0112 − 0.2349i 1.4293 − 0.2804i 1.3614 − 0.2635i1.0112 − 0.2349i 1.0372 − 0.2356i 11 0.3538 + 1.7624i 0.2785 + 1.4265i0.2791 + 1.4266i 0.2610 + 1.3647i 0.9952 + 1.4965i 0.8099 + 1.2071i0.8097 + 1.2074i 0.7783 + 1.1510i 11.5 0.3289 + 1.4165i 0.3556 + 1.7714i0.2605 + 1.3630i 0.2302 + 1.4276i 0.7692 + 1.2350i 1.0007 + 1.5057i0.7800 + 1.1485i 0.8472 + 1.1728i 12 0.6800 + 1.6926i 0.3911 + 1.3645i0.2191 + 1.7524i 0.2274 + 1.4208i 0.8678 + 1.2487i 0.7275 + 1.1667i0.8747 + 1.0470i 0.7930 + 1.0406i 12.5 0.7085 + 1.6630i 0.4337 + 1.3632i0.2265 + 1.7707i 0.2214 + 1.4346i 0.8829 + 1.2345i 0.7423 + 1.1546i0.9077 + 1.0034i 0.8363 + 0.9971i 13 0.7232 + 1.6427i 0.4625 + 1.3572i0.2367 + 1.7836i 0.2081 + 1.4453i 0.8955 + 1.2316i 0.7485 + 1.1494i0.9349 + 0.9699i 0.8724 + 0.9626i 13.5 0.7280 + 1.6384i 0.4787 + 1.3492i0.2417 + 1.7872i 0.1966 + 1.4478i 0.9185 + 1.2490i 0.7448 + 1.1524i0.9536 + 0.9516i 0.8912 + 0.9461i 14 0.6852 + 1.6631i 0.4978 + 1.3396i0.2241 + 1.7611i 0.1891 + 1.4343i 1.0300 + 1.3532i 0.7389 + 1.1771i0.9797 + 0.9598i 0.8864 + 0.9798i 14.5 0.6850 + 1.6565i 0.5110 + 1.3346i0.2284 + 1.7618i 0.1836 + 1.4363i 1.0485 + 1.3578i 0.7448 + 1.1781i0.9923 + 0.9464i 0.9014 + 0.9717i 15 1.1831 + 1.3352i 1.5548 + 0.8930i1.0563 + 0.9473i 1.1944 + 0.8535i 1.7139 + 0.2236i 1.4688 + 0.5085i0.9846 + 0.6522i 1.0982 + 0.6252i 15.5 1.3333 + 1.1727i 0.9525 + 1.0450i0.8764 + 1.5619i 0.8595 + 1.2191i 1.2665 + 0.7890i 1.0238 + 0.8157i1.0119 + 0.5685i 1.0066 + 0.6087i 16 1.0693 + 1.3695i 1.6456 + 0.7233i1.0401 + 0.9844i 1.3351 + 0.9489i 1.6696 + 0.1992i 1.4116 + 0.4773i0.9912 + 0.6923i 1.1625 + 0.6341i 16.5 1.3185 + 1.1655i 1.0729 + 0.9416i0.9781 + 1.3517i 0.9292 + 0.9707i 1.4986 + 0.8198i 1.2084 + 0.6881i0.9265 + 0.5535i 0.9824 + 0.6211i 17 1.1514 + 1.3474i 1.3447 + 1.0136i0.9323 + 1.1378i 0.9510 + 0.9427i 1.2112 + 0.5426i 1.2864 + 0.7311i0.9873 + 0.5679i 0.9676 + 0.7289i 17.5 1.1159 + 1.3726i 1.3078 + 1.0458i0.9051 + 1.1657i 0.9509 + 0.9581i 1.2112 + 0.5506i 1.3032 + 0.7544i0.9969 + 0.5672i 0.9755 + 0.7547i 18 1.1058 + 1.3496i 1.2204 + 1.0180i0.8713 + 1.1743i 0.9189 + 0.9604i 1.2283 + 0.6284i 1.4576 + 0.8033i1.0010 + 0.6008i 0.9350 + 0.7635i 18.5 1.1022 + 1.3396i 1.2102 + 1.0122i0.8669 + 1.1800i 0.9153 + 0.9665i 1.2205 + 0.6352i 1.4496 + 0.8012i0.9972 + 0.5981i 0.9328 + 0.7745i 19 1.5817 + 0.4283i 1.4894 + 0.1404i1.4735 + 0.7375i 1.2229 + 0.6531i 1.0586 + 0.3317i 1.2553 + 0.3125i0.9114 + 0.4575i 1.0349 + 0.5768i 19.5 0.8375 + 1.4782i 1.3271 + 0.8728i1.1494 + 1.1881i 1.0720 + 0.8655i 1.5541 + 0.6145i 1.2416 + 0.5886i0.9113 + 0.4993i 1.0207 + 0.6225i 20 1.1577 + 1.2607i 1.2132 + 0.9665i0.8650 + 1.2652i 0.9371 + 1.0167i 1.2341 + 0.6321i 1.4507 + 0.7875i0.9999 + 0.6438i 0.9509 + 0.8111i 20.5 1.1623 + 1.2367i 1.2152 + 0.9464i0.8671 + 1.2704i 0.9416 + 1.0203i 1.2263 + 0.6212i 1.4418 + 0.7638i0.9979 + 0.6457i 0.9519 + 0.8158i 21 1.1584 + 1.2194i 1.2110 + 0.9332i0.8614 + 1.2738i 0.9374 + 1.0274i 1.2218 + 0.6145i 1.4309 + 0.7504i0.9986 + 0.6549i 0.9484 + 0.8261i 21.5 1.1541 + 1.1980i 1.2082 + 0.9192i0.8523 + 1.2778i 0.9253 + 1.0390i 1.2200 + 0.6057i 1.4217 + 0.7371i1.0021 + 0.6678i 0.9448 + 0.8412i 22 1.1564 + 1.1321i 1.2409 + 0.8772i0.8304 + 1.2958i 0.8902 + 1.0738i 1.2195 + 0.5872i 1.4329 + 0.6862i1.0077 + 0.6857i 0.9610 + 0.8761i 22.5 1.1672 + 1.0989i 1.2422 + 0.8522i0.8024 + 1.2971i 0.8967 + 1.0878i 1.2134 + 0.5744i 1.4239 + 0.6620i1.0091 + 0.6909i 0.9644 + 0.8828i 23 1.2322 + 1.0269i 1.4082 + 0.7080i0.7782 + 1.3193i 0.9660 + 1.1333i 1.4427 + 0.4179i 1.1837 + 0.7680i0.9625 + 0.7036i 0.9821 + 0.8987i 23.5 1.1616 + 1.0595i 1.2384 + 0.8218i0.7696 + 1.2863i 0.8965 + 1.0947i 1.1989 + 0.5582i 1.4012 + 0.6249i1.0129 + 0.6976i 0.9657 + 0.8860i 24 1.2424 + 0.9493i 1.2834 + 0.7245i0.9545 + 1.2183i 1.0015 + 1.0002i 1.1739 + 0.5257i 1.3794 + 0.4917i1.0065 + 0.6128i 1.0346 + 0.7930i 24.5 1.2328 + 0.9369i 1.2653 + 0.7160i0.9349 + 1.2178i 0.9989 + 1.0051i 1.1766 + 0.5132i 1.3771 + 0.4884i1.0162 + 0.6131i 1.0287 + 0.7970i 25 1.2245 + 0.9258i 1.2535 + 0.7077i0.9208 + 1.2133i 0.9969 + 1.0052i 1.1757 + 0.5047i 1.3715 + 0.4846i1.0198 + 0.6112i 1.0268 + 0.7962i 25.5 1.2171 + 0.9128i 1.2413 + 0.6969i0.9105 + 1.2064i 0.9951 + 1.0017i 1.1707 + 0.4940i 1.3617 + 0.4870i1.0203 + 0.6063i 1.0247 + 0.7923i 26 1.2103 + 0.9014i 1.2323 + 0.6874i0.9022 + 1.1987i 0.9925 + 0.9967i 1.1677 + 0.4847i 1.3547 + 0.4862i1.0215 + 0.6013i 1.0233 + 0.7878i w SNR w8 w9 w10 w11 w12 w13 w14 w15 50.4521 + 0.2696i 0.4521 + 0.2696i 1.2065 + 0.5169i 1.2065 + 0.5169i0.4521 + 0.2696i 0.4521 + 0.2696i 1.2065 + 0.5169i 1.2065 + 0.5169i 5.50.4530 + 0.2663i 0.4530 + 0.2663i 1.2092 + 0.5115i 1.2092 + 0.5115i0.4530 + 0.2663i 0.4530 + 0.2663i 1.2092 + 0.5115i 1.2092 + 0.5115i 61.2102 + 0.5067i 1.2102 + 0.5067i 1.2102 + 0.5067i 1.2102 + 0.5067i0.4570 + 0.2642i 0.4570 + 0.2642i 0.4570 + 0.2642i 0.4570 + 0.2642i 6.51.2538 + 0.4305i 1.2538 + 0.4304i 1.2538 + 0.4305i 1.2538 + 0.4305i1.1632 + 0.5752i 1.1632 + 0.5752i 1.1632 + 0.5752i 1.1632 + 0.5752i 71.0432 + 0.6178i 0.9995 + 0.5797i 1.1321 + 0.6970i 1.0432 + 0.6178i1.1735 + 0.3521i 1.1130 + 0.3476i 1.2925 + 0.3604i 1.1736 + 0.3521i 7.50.4749 + 0.2741i 0.4285 + 0.2526i 1.0293 + 0.5865i 1.1198 + 0.6595i0.5185 + 0.2951i 0.4749 + 0.2741i 0.9862 + 0.5525i 1.0293 + 0.5865i 80.3059 + 1.2626i 0.2962 + 1.1484i 0.2962 + 1.1484i 0.2917 + 1.0949i0.6749 + 1.1091i 0.6000 + 1.0201i 0.6000 + 1.0201i 0.5650 + 0.9791i 8.50.2880 + 1.2587i 0.2788 + 1.1468i 0.2788 + 1.1468i 0.2750 + 1.0951i0.6879 + 1.1023i 0.6127 + 1.0130i 0.6127 + 1.0130i 0.5775 + 0.9727i 91.5505 + 1.0696i 0.9759 + 0.9428i 0.3350 + 1.5307i 0.7461 + 0.9896i1.1886 + 1.6606i 0.8973 + 0.9758i 0.4528 + 1.5320i 0.7212 + 1.0496i 9.51.5654 + 1.1053i 0.9822 + 0.9424i 0.3199 + 1.5216i 0.7507 + 0.9792i1.1323 + 1.6866i 0.8963 + 0.9732i 0.4510 + 1.5195i 0.7234 + 1.0425i 101.4799 − 0.9890i 1.2150 − 0.8088i 0.8831 − 0.5335i 0.8998 − 0.5486i1.2150 − 0.8088i 1.1516 − 0.7656i 0.8998 − 0.5486i 0.9155 − 0.5630i 10.51.4880 − 0.9918i 1.2116 − 0.8109i 0.8680 − 0.5320i 0.8870 − 0.5496i1.2116 − 0.8109i 1.1516 − 0.7744i 0.8870 − 0.5496i 0.9058 − 0.5674i 110.2244 + 0.9784i 0.2256 + 1.0058i 0.2257 + 1.0057i 0.2268 + 1.0350i0.5343 + 0.8558i 0.5530 + 0.8761i 0.5530 + 0.8761i 0.5730 + 0.8975i 11.50.2281 + 0.9987i 0.2159 + 0.9723i 0.2194 + 1.0327i 0.2068 + 1.0040i0.5478 + 0.8715i 0.5381 + 0.8437i 0.5789 + 0.8889i 0.5679 + 0.8596i 120.2098 + 0.9768i 0.2241 + 1.0454i 0.1858 + 0.9878i 0.1901 + 1.0659i0.5547 + 0.8312i 0.5479 + 0.8651i 0.6073 + 0.8182i 0.5955 + 0.8420i 12.50.2230 + 0.9899i 0.2479 + 1.0582i 0.1802 + 1.0070i 0.1891 + 1.0869i0.5702 + 0.8176i 0.5659 + 0.8534i 0.6329 + 0.7937i 0.6244 + 0.8161i 130.2408 + 0.9979i 0.2750 + 1.0662i 0.1741 + 1.0211i 0.1849 + 1.1031i0.5789 + 0.8090i 0.5764 + 0.8491i 0.6515 + 0.7734i 0.6454 + 0.7958i 13.50.2553 + 0.9993i 0.2988 + 1.0689i 0.1656 + 1.0288i 0.1779 + 1.1140i0.5802 + 0.8040i 0.5788 + 0.8534i 0.6616 + 0.7612i 0.6574 + 0.7871i 140.2659 + 0.9951i 0.3199 + 1.0652i 0.1586 + 1.0330i 0.1732 + 1.1198i0.5806 + 0.7935i 0.5791 + 0.8600i 0.6672 + 0.7597i 0.6655 + 0.7988i 14.50.2918 + 0.9977i 0.3457 + 1.0677i 0.1513 + 1.0448i 0.1608 + 1.1366i0.5795 + 0.7993i 0.5814 + 0.8684i 0.6777 + 0.7528i 0.6798 + 0.7908i 150.7901 + 1.2547i 0.5814 + 1.0118i 0.8074 + 1.0302i 0.6237 + 1.0012i0.6052 + 0.6617i 0.5759 + 0.7150i 0.7056 + 0.6773i 0.6439 + 0.7138i 15.50.2231 + 1.7092i 0.6616 + 0.9740i 0.5030 + 1.4567i 0.6230 + 1.1163i0.6633 + 0.6064i 0.6841 + 0.7162i 0.7194 + 0.5707i 0.7211 + 0.6351i 160.7189 + 1.2484i 0.5519 + 1.0360i 0.8125 + 0.9999i 0.6001 + 0.9735i0.6062 + 0.6558i 0.5673 + 0.7044i 0.7357 + 0.7025i 0.6195 + 0.7364i 16.50.5954 + 1.6721i 0.6356 + 0.9282i 0.6612 + 1.3085i 0.6870 + 0.9890i0.6139 + 0.5878i 0.6161 + 0.6843i 0.7069 + 0.5730i 0.6968 + 0.6615i 170.7916 + 1.5326i 0.5781 + 0.9103i 0.6737 + 1.2261i 0.6488 + 0.9682i0.6008 + 0.5904i 0.5968 + 0.6937i 0.7280 + 0.5839i 0.7207 + 0.6853i 17.50.7546 + 1.5371i 0.5791 + 0.9008i 0.6529 + 1.2248i 0.6563 + 0.9619i0.5998 + 0.5837i 0.5965 + 0.6939i 0.7601 + 0.5787i 0.7439 + 0.6985i 180.7460 + 1.5301i 0.5607 + 0.8951i 0.6305 + 1.2208i 0.6414 + 0.9625i0.5848 + 0.5763i 0.5797 + 0.7001i 0.7518 + 0.5786i 0.7339 + 0.7041i 18.50.7388 + 1.5187i 0.5534 + 0.8948i 0.6245 + 1.2171i 0.6469 + 0.9671i0.5816 + 0.5744i 0.5746 + 0.7125i 0.7634 + 0.5763i 0.7384 + 0.7224i 191.0419 + 1.2518i 0.8657 + 1.0272i 1.2891 + 1.0296i 1.0567 + 0.8727i0.6260 + 0.6701i 0.7308 + 0.8371i 0.7597 + 0.5841i 0.8864 + 0.7205i 19.50.6600 + 1.2390i 0.6575 + 0.9736i 0.8905 + 1.1414i 0.8571 + 0.9152i0.6106 + 0.5775i 0.6382 + 0.7572i 0.7620 + 0.5398i 0.8086 + 0.7221i 200.5458 + 1.2087i 0.5280 + 0.9935i 0.6621 + 1.4483i 0.7224 + 0.9905i0.5909 + 0.6140i 0.5567 + 0.7928i 0.7623 + 0.6325i 0.7410 + 0.7994i 20.50.5495 + 1.2117i 0.5295 + 0.9994i 0.6564 + 1.4451i 0.7273 + 1.0021i0.5962 + 0.6217i 0.5627 + 0.8030i 0.7674 + 0.6377i 0.7457 + 0.8086i 210.5460 + 1.2127i 0.5252 + 1.0028i 0.6465 + 1.4397i 0.7242 + 1.0131i0.6013 + 0.6294i 0.5660 + 0.8106i 0.7730 + 0.6458i 0.7464 + 0.8190i 21.50.5373 + 1.2128i 0.5165 + 1.0048i 0.6343 + 1.4321i 0.7152 + 1.0245i0.6073 + 0.6384i 0.5684 + 0.8175i 0.7801 + 0.6568i 0.7459 + 0.8311i 220.5187 + 1.2127i 0.4960 + 1.0047i 0.6102 + 1.4243i 0.6926 + 1.0375i0.6194 + 0.6507i 0.5744 + 0.8249i 0.7952 + 0.6762i 0.7540 + 0.8498i 22.50.5099 + 1.2100i 0.4914 + 1.0072i 0.5898 + 1.4201i 0.6910 + 1.0470i0.6271 + 0.6619i 0.5827 + 0.8346i 0.8016 + 0.6867i 0.7612 + 0.8629i 230.5427 + 1.2003i 0.5813 + 1.0089i 0.5291 + 1.4273i 0.7630 + 1.0578i0.6294 + 0.6610i 0.6110 + 0.8310i 0.7906 + 0.6835i 0.7844 + 0.8645i 23.50.4976 + 1.2018i 0.4821 + 1.0103i 0.5648 + 1.4016i 0.6826 + 1.0558i0.6404 + 0.6801i 0.5954 + 0.8500i 0.8128 + 0.7021i 0.7699 + 0.8797i 240.5286 + 1.2013i 0.6120 + 1.0209i 0.7270 + 1.2479i 0.7961 + 1.0299i0.6617 + 0.6693i 0.6621 + 0.8401i 0.8310 + 0.6617i 0.8389 + 0.8357i 24.50.5158 + 1.1967i 0.6077 + 1.0231i 0.7117 + 1.2419i 0.7917 + 1.0319i0.6714 + 0.6767i 0.6662 + 0.8463i 0.8411 + 0.6694i 0.8402 + 0.8434i 250.5056 + 1.1921i 0.6041 + 1.0245i 0.7005 + 1.2353i 0.7883 + 1.0319i0.6790 + 0.6831i 0.6702 + 0.8514i 0.8475 + 0.6749i 0.8427 + 0.8479i 25.50.4973 + 1.1878i 0.6009 + 1.0255i 0.6921 + 1.2284i 0.7855 + 1.0302i0.6850 + 0.6886i 0.6728 + 0.8554i 0.8517 + 0.6775i 0.8443 + 0.8495i 260.4905 + 1.1842i 0.5982 + 1.0262i 0.6854 + 1.2221i 0.7829 + 1.0274i0.6911 + 0.6930i 0.6740 + 0.8584i 0.8561 + 0.6778i 0.8451 + 0.8492i wSNR w16 w17 w18 w19 w20 w21 w22 w23 5 0.4521 + 0.2696i 0.4521 + 0.2696i1.2066 + 0.5169i 1.2065 + 0.5169i 0.4521 + 0.2696i 0.4521 + 0.2696i1.2065 + 0.5169i 1.2065 + 0.5169i 5.5 0.4530 + 0.2663i 0.4530 + 0.2663i1.2092 + 0.5115i 1.2092 + 0.5115i 0.4530 + 0.2663i 0.4530 + 0.2663i1.2092 + 0.5115i 1.2092 + 0.5115i 6 0.5067 + 1.2102i 0.5067 + 1.2102i0.5067 + 1.2102i 0.5067 + 1.2102i 0.2642 + 0.4570i 0.2642 + 0.4570i0.2642 + 0.4570i 0.2642 + 0.4570i 6.5 0.4543 + 0.2553i 0.4543 + 0.2553i0.4543 + 0.2553i 0.4543 + 0.2553i 0.4632 + 0.2699i 0.4632 + 0.2699i0.4632 + 0.2699i 0.4632 + 0.2699i 7 0.4447 + 0.2583i 0.4838 + 0.2760i0.4059 + 0.2408i 0.4446 + 0.2583i 0.4489 + 0.2323i 0.4922 + 0.2439i0.4072 + 0.2200i 0.4489 + 0.2323i 7.5 0.2526 + 0.4285i 0.2320 + 0.3831i0.6595 + 1.1198i 0.9931 + 1.5130i 0.2741 + 0.4749i 0.2526 + 0.4285i0.5864 + 1.0293i 0.6595 + 1.1198i 8 1.7813 + 0.3565i 1.2626 + 0.3059i1.2626 + 0.3059i 1.1484 + 0.2962i 1.5146 + 1.0099i 1.1091 + 0.6749i1.1091 + 0.6749i 1.0201 + 0.6000i 8.5 1.7914 + 0.3488i 1.2587 + 0.2880i1.2587 + 0.2880i 1.1468 + 0.2788i 1.5168 + 1.0152i 1.1023 + 0.6879i1.1023 + 0.6879i 1.0130 + 0.6127i 9 1.1513 + 0.2749i 0.9582 + 0.3853i0.9263 + 0.2229i 0.8516 + 0.3197i 1.1613 + 0.2336i 0.9349 + 0.3518i0.9192 + 0.2077i 0.8418 + 0.2979i 9.5 1.1819 + 0.2793i 0.9635 + 0.4036i0.9172 + 0.2197i 0.8422 + 0.3264i 1.2076 + 0.2313i 0.9381 + 0.3697i0.9115 + 0.2050i 0.8325 + 0.3045i 10 0.3155 − 0.1636i 0.3150 − 0.1635i0.6148 − 0.2161i 0.6216 − 0.2169i 0.3150 − 0.1635i 0.3145 − 0.1634i0.6216 − 0.2169i 0.6290 − 0.2176i 10.5 0.3085 − 0.1570i 0.3061 − 0.1564i0.6354 − 0.2066i 0.6404 − 0.2071i 0.3061 − 0.1564i 0.3037 − 0.1557i0.6404 − 0.2071i 0.6460 − 0.2075i 11 1.7631 + 0.3541i 1.4267 + 0.2786i1.4265 + 0.2791i 1.3649 + 0.2609i 1.4961 + 0.9954i 1.2073 + 0.8102i1.2072 + 0.8097i 1.1510 + 0.7784i 11.5 1.4190 + 0.3287i 1.7739 + 0.3559i1.3649 + 0.2600i 1.4293 + 0.2298i 1.2376 + 0.7681i 1.5057 + 1.0025i1.1507 + 0.7776i 1.1738 + 0.8449i 12 1.4070 + 0.1790i 1.7227 + 0.2900i1.3246 + 0.2562i 1.3636 + 0.3654i 1.3708 + 1.2834i 1.6701 + 0.8403i1.1614 + 0.7909i 1.2241 + 0.7367i 12.5 1.4067 + 0.1623i 1.7386 + 0.2869i1.3213 + 0.2614i 1.3555 + 0.3818i 1.3728 + 1.2802i 1.6730 + 0.8349i1.1629 + 0.7604i 1.2237 + 0.7169i 13 1.4076 + 0.1477i 1.7480 + 0.2870i1.3169 + 0.2677i 1.3479 + 0.3950i 1.3698 + 1.2765i 1.6671 + 0.8318i1.1603 + 0.7369i 1.2208 + 0.7017i 13.5 1.4079 + 0.1358i 1.7492 + 0.2856i1.3108 + 0.2733i 1.3393 + 0.4031i 1.3733 + 1.2596i 1.6601 + 0.8198i1.1559 + 0.7249i 1.2163 + 0.6897i 14 1.3832 + 0.1273i 1.7176 + 0.2506i1.2890 + 0.2587i 1.3115 + 0.3882i 1.4490 + 1.1367i 1.6791 + 0.7233i1.1637 + 0.7318i 1.2117 + 0.6596i 14.5 1.3830 + 0.1182i 1.7146 + 0.2469i1.2824 + 0.2560i 1.3020 + 0.3885i 1.4514 + 1.1095i 1.6674 + 0.7048i1.1614 + 0.7220i 1.2096 + 0.6442i 15 0.9695 + 0.1063i 0.9761 + 0.1132i0.9155 + 0.1657i 0.9251 + 0.1710i 1.3276 + 0.1371i 1.2605 + 0.2607i0.9657 + 0.4185i 1.0313 + 0.4086i 15.5 1.7803 + 0.2282i 1.4175 + 0.1304i1.0142 + 0.1107i 1.0875 + 0.1106i 1.5669 + 0.6281i 1.3668 + 0.3723i1.0160 + 0.3423i 1.0838 + 0.3367i 16 0.9716 + 0.1054i 0.9824 + 0.1194i0.9073 + 0.1715i 0.9217 + 0.1835i 1.3198 + 0.1175i 1.2383 + 0.2709i0.9483 + 0.4442i 1.0242 + 0.4164i 16.5 1.6501 + 0.1602i 1.3265 + 0.1294i0.9609 + 0.1136i 1.0472 + 0.1153i 1.6046 + 0.4875i 1.2991 + 0.3994i0.9506 + 0.3440i 1.0402 + 0.3427i 17 1.3221 + 0.1224i 1.6557 + 0.1780i1.0381 + 0.1026i 0.9427 + 0.1024i 1.2802 + 0.3500i 1.5980 + 0.5501i0.9903 + 0.3365i 0.9340 + 0.2929i 17.5 1.3275 + 0.1269i 1.6476 + 0.1778i1.0687 + 0.1009i 0.9443 + 0.0988i 1.2837 + 0.3590i 1.5920 + 0.5468i1.0024 + 0.3379i 0.9388 + 0.2809i 18 1.3214 + 0.1348i 1.6192 + 0.1568i1.0864 + 0.1085i 0.9690 + 0.1136i 1.2847 + 0.3887i 1.5877 + 0.4787i1.0252 + 0.3747i 0.9593 + 0.3085i 18.5 1.3267 + 0.1381i 1.6139 + 0.1586i1.1074 + 0.1075i 0.9719 + 0.1124i 1.2798 + 0.3928i 1.5690 + 0.4783i1.0323 + 0.3791i 0.9610 + 0.2983i 19 0.8818 + 0.0863i 0.8598 + 0.0671i0.6659 + 0.0819i 0.6786 + 0.1287i 0.9883 + 0.2131i 1.1539 + 0.0898i0.7883 + 0.3358i 0.7109 + 0.2753i 19.5 1.5486 + 0.1257i 1.2666 + 0.1072i0.9028 + 0.1029i 1.0498 + 0.1027i 1.4788 + 0.3590i 1.2369 + 0.3451i0.9051 + 0.3205i 1.0533 + 0.3050i 20 1.5281 + 0.1441i 1.2566 + 0.1120i0.9743 + 0.0673i 1.0261 + 0.1720i 1.4715 + 0.4355i 1.2435 + 0.3351i0.9816 + 0.4825i 1.0252 + 0.3371i 20.5 1.5048 + 0.1396i 1.2429 + 0.1109i0.9704 + 0.0648i 1.0197 + 0.1762i 1.4594 + 0.4244i 1.2338 + 0.3332i0.9790 + 0.4840i 1.0192 + 0.3364i 21 1.4884 + 0.1372i 1.2362 + 0.1109i0.9743 + 0.0635i 1.0194 + 0.1825i 1.4526 + 0.4196i 1.2302 + 0.3337i0.9804 + 0.4906i 1.0189 + 0.3404i 21.5 1.4742 + 0.1349i 1.2309 + 0.1105i0.9796 + 0.0634i 1.0198 + 0.1891i 1.4461 + 0.4142i 1.2279 + 0.3323i0.9827 + 0.4998i 1.0202 + 0.3467i 22 1.4534 + 0.1259i 1.2190 + 0.1086i0.9789 + 0.0639i 1.0144 + 0.1947i 1.4356 + 0.3854i 1.2194 + 0.3249i0.9844 + 0.5115i 1.0179 + 0.3535i 22.5 1.4370 + 0.1217i 1.2104 + 0.1069i0.9794 + 0.0652i 1.0117 + 0.2003i 1.4268 + 0.3730i 1.2148 + 0.3198i0.9818 + 0.5182i 1.0172 + 0.3596i 23 1.1919 + 0.0896i 1.4034 + 0.1266i1.0017 + 0.0743i 0.9909 + 0.2196i 1.2082 + 0.5145i 1.2105 + 0.3132i1.0055 + 0.5362i 1.0096 + 0.3698i 23.5 1.4070 + 0.1153i 1.1945 + 0.1045i0.9784 + 0.0686i 1.0093 + 0.2102i 1.4123 + 0.3539i 1.2076 + 0.3137i0.9768 + 0.5294i 1.0171 + 0.3701i 24 1.1265 + 0.0892i 1.3157 + 0.0959i0.9524 + 0.0776i 0.9403 + 0.2321i 1.4948 + 0.2501i 1.2660 + 0.2959i0.9649 + 0.4426i 1.0812 + 0.3131i 24.5 1.1278 + 0.0893i 1.3152 + 0.0946i0.9556 + 0.0782i 0.9422 + 0.2341i 1.4851 + 0.2508i 1.2669 + 0.2917i0.9719 + 0.4412i 1.0855 + 0.3077i 25 1.1316 + 0.0895i 1.3173 + 0.0939i0.9608 + 0.0790i 0.9429 + 0.2357i 1.4766 + 0.2540i 1.2666 + 0.2886i0.9763 + 0.4381i 1.0887 + 0.3028i 25.5 1.1477 + 0.0888i 1.3330 + 0.0946i0.9772 + 0.0808i 0.9387 + 0.2361i 1.4686 + 0.2702i 1.2647 + 0.2863i0.9779 + 0.4321i 1.0881 + 0.2935i 26 1.1595 + 0.0882i 1.3430 + 0.0950i0.9894 + 0.0820i 0.9367 + 0.2358i 1.4613 + 0.2782i 1.2637 + 0.2839i0.9800 + 0.4265i 1.0889 + 0.2858i w SNR w24 w25 w26 w27 w28 w29 w30 w315 0.4521 + 0.2696i 0.4521 + 0.2696i 1.2066 + 0.5170i 1.2066 + 0.5169i0.4521 + 0.2696i 0.4521 + 0.2696i 1.2065 + 0.5169i 1.2065 + 0.5169i 5.50.4530 + 0.2663i 0.4530 + 0.2663i 1.2092 + 0.5115i 1.2092 + 0.5115i0.4530 + 0.2663i 0.4530 + 0.2663i 1.2092 + 0.5115i 1.2092 + 0.5115i 60.5067 + 1.2102i 0.5067 + 1.2102i 0.5067 + 1.2102i 0.5067 + 1.2102i0.2642 + 0.4570i 0.2642 + 0.4570i 0.2642 + 0.4570i 0.2642 + 0.4570i 6.50.4543 + 0.2553i 0.4543 + 0.2553i 0.4543 + 0.2553i 0.4543 + 0.2553i0.4632 + 0.2699i 0.4632 + 0.2699i 0.4632 + 0.2699i 0.4632 + 0.2699i 70.4838 + 0.2760i 0.5211 + 0.2931i 0.4447 + 0.2583i 0.4838 + 0.2760i0.4922 + 0.2439i 0.5344 + 0.2543i 0.4489 + 0.2323i 0.4922 + 0.2439i 7.50.4285 + 0.2526i 0.3831 + 0.2320i 1.1198 + 0.6595i 1.5130 + 0.9931i0.4749 + 0.2741i 0.4285 + 0.2526i 1.0293 + 0.5865i 1.1198 + 0.6595i 81.2626 + 0.3059i 1.1484 + 0.2962i 1.1484 + 0.2962i 1.0949 + 0.2917i1.1091 + 0.6749i 1.0201 + 0.6000i 1.0201 + 0.6000i 0.9791 + 0.5650i 8.51.2587 + 0.2880i 1.1468 + 0.2788i 1.1468 + 0.2788i 1.0951 + 0.2750i1.1023 + 0.6879i 1.0130 + 0.6127i 1.0130 + 0.6127i 0.9727 + 0.5775i 90.9975 + 0.2556i 0.9006 + 0.3666i 0.8710 + 0.2142i 0.8224 + 0.3027i0.9862 + 0.2318i 0.8825 + 0.3368i 0.8657 + 0.2019i 0.8149 + 0.2834i 9.51.0053 + 0.2519i 0.8985 + 0.3753i 0.8625 + 0.2071i 0.8135 + 0.3017i0.9978 + 0.2280i 0.8803 + 0.3458i 0.8585 + 0.1955i 0.8067 + 0.2829i 100.3146 − 0.1777i 0.3142 − 0.1775i 0.5742 − 0.3118i 0.5798 − 0.3157i0.3142 − 0.1775i 0.3138 − 0.1773i 0.5798 − 0.3157i 0.5859 − 0.3199i 10.50.3073 − 0.1726i 0.3050 − 0.1716i 0.5854 − 0.3219i 0.5893 − 0.3250i0.3050 − 0.1716i 0.3028 − 0.1707i 0.5893 − 0.3250i 0.5937 − 0.3285i 110.9785 + 0.2245i 1.0059 + 0.2256i 1.0059 + 0.2258i 1.0352 + 0.2267i0.8559 + 0.5343i 0.8762 + 0.5531i 0.8762 + 0.5531i 0.8976 + 0.5730i 11.50.9987 + 0.2268i 0.9721 + 0.2149i 1.0331 + 0.2184i 1.0039 + 0.2063i0.8726 + 0.5450i 0.8450 + 0.5352i 0.8906 + 0.5760i 0.8612 + 0.5648i 120.9769 + 0.1863i 0.9452 + 0.2057i 1.0100 + 0.2182i 0.9795 + 0.2417i0.8241 + 0.4856i 0.8232 + 0.4837i 0.8799 + 0.5391i 0.8796 + 0.5356i 12.50.9683 + 0.1724i 0.9333 + 0.1897i 1.0041 + 0.2062i 0.9683 + 0.2269i0.8178 + 0.4576i 0.8166 + 0.4551i 0.8733 + 0.5139i 0.8722 + 0.5104i 130.9630 + 0.1618i 0.9257 + 0.1770i 1.0010 + 0.1965i 0.9611 + 0.2140i0.8118 + 0.4407i 0.8110 + 0.4367i 0.8663 + 0.4978i 0.8649 + 0.4934i 13.50.9601 + 0.1547i 0.9220 + 0.1683i 1.0004 + 0.1894i 0.9581 + 0.2045i0.8067 + 0.4374i 0.8071 + 0.4310i 0.8603 + 0.4941i 0.8598 + 0.4876i 140.9469 + 0.1512i 0.9124 + 0.1673i 0.9890 + 0.1827i 0.9504 + 0.2018i0.7985 + 0.4530i 0.8036 + 0.4426i 0.8538 + 0.5071i 0.8600 + 0.4961i 14.50.9396 + 0.1469i 0.9065 + 0.1618i 0.9886 + 0.1761i 0.9486 + 0.1944i0.7983 + 0.4483i 0.8042 + 0.4365i 0.8518 + 0.5057i 0.8594 + 0.4926i 150.6332 + 0.1376i 0.6285 + 0.1371i 0.6534 + 0.1501i 0.6480 + 0.1483i0.6046 + 0.4106i 0.5971 + 0.4001i 0.6631 + 0.4203i 0.6466 + 0.4063i 15.50.6340 + 0.1108i 0.6241 + 0.1086i 0.7380 + 0.1117i 0.7116 + 0.1105i0.6382 + 0.3325i 0.6300 + 0.3171i 0.7230 + 0.3385i 0.7071 + 0.3272i 160.6360 + 0.1334i 0.6290 + 0.1387i 0.6599 + 0.1476i 0.6524 + 0.1515i0.6101 + 0.4269i 0.5981 + 0.4118i 0.6844 + 0.4315i 0.6536 + 0.4074i 16.50.6045 + 0.1089i 0.5923 + 0.1112i 0.7207 + 0.1103i 0.6832 + 0.1122i0.6014 + 0.3528i 0.5903 + 0.3283i 0.7010 + 0.3475i 0.6697 + 0.3280i 170.5830 + 0.1125i 0.5933 + 0.1207i 0.6682 + 0.1069i 0.7042 + 0.1111i0.5954 + 0.3748i 0.5987 + 0.3416i 0.7073 + 0.3701i 0.7192 + 0.3275i 17.50.5819 + 0.1126i 0.5915 + 0.1279i 0.6742 + 0.1025i 0.7217 + 0.1106i0.5959 + 0.3826i 0.5970 + 0.3410i 0.7339 + 0.3759i 0.7430 + 0.3188i 180.5961 + 0.1084i 0.5983 + 0.1324i 0.7244 + 0.0980i 0.7655 + 0.1162i0.5947 + 0.3818i 0.5970 + 0.3304i 0.7535 + 0.3905i 0.7704 + 0.3249i 18.50.5961 + 0.1025i 0.5964 + 0.1417i 0.7314 + 0.0890i 0.7775 + 0.1184i0.5953 + 0.3915i 0.5975 + 0.3225i 0.7649 + 0.4029i 0.7817 + 0.3156i 190.4061 + 0.0799i 0.4265 + 0.2175i 0.4641 + 0.0772i 0.4884 + 0.1954i0.5409 + 0.5182i 0.4759 + 0.3755i 0.6422 + 0.4556i 0.5543 + 0.3409i 19.50.5082 + 0.0656i 0.5265 + 0.1285i 0.7398 + 0.0890i 0.6724 + 0.1233i0.5700 + 0.4187i 0.5429 + 0.2967i 0.7319 + 0.3429i 0.6646 + 0.2744i 200.6423 + 0.0698i 0.6358 + 0.1904i 0.8003 + 0.0754i 0.8009 + 0.2018i0.6132 + 0.4606i 0.6264 + 0.3286i 0.7906 + 0.4757i 0.8007 + 0.3342i 20.50.6384 + 0.0678i 0.6332 + 0.1948i 0.7968 + 0.0730i 0.8000 + 0.2036i0.6160 + 0.4668i 0.6266 + 0.3299i 0.7913 + 0.4796i 0.8013 + 0.3338i 210.6429 + 0.0675i 0.6384 + 0.1981i 0.8011 + 0.0721i 0.8064 + 0.2059i0.6220 + 0.4731i 0.6327 + 0.3327i 0.7953 + 0.4864i 0.8070 + 0.3371i 21.50.6501 + 0.0680i 0.6464 + 0.2016i 0.8075 + 0.0719i 0.8146 + 0.2088i0.6296 + 0.4809i 0.6412 + 0.3374i 0.8008 + 0.4955i 0.8141 + 0.3431i 220.6546 + 0.0693i 0.6531 + 0.2062i 0.8096 + 0.0722i 0.8191 + 0.2122i0.6400 + 0.4925i 0.6498 + 0.3451i 0.8073 + 0.5082i 0.8199 + 0.3516i 22.50.6581 + 0.0702i 0.6580 + 0.2095i 0.8121 + 0.0727i 0.8228 + 0.2154i0.6452 + 0.5010i 0.6552 + 0.3508i 0.8087 + 0.5167i 0.8230 + 0.3582i 230.6613 + 0.0692i 0.6601 + 0.2094i 0.8231 + 0.0709i 0.8202 + 0.2164i0.6479 + 0.5023i 0.6570 + 0.3532i 0.8160 + 0.5191i 0.8231 + 0.3662i 23.50.6618 + 0.0721i 0.6653 + 0.2161i 0.8148 + 0.0743i 0.8285 + 0.2219i0.6524 + 0.5156i 0.6640 + 0.3620i 0.8099 + 0.5313i 0.8291 + 0.3705i 240.6277 + 0.0697i 0.6260 + 0.2109i 0.7852 + 0.0706i 0.7804 + 0.2127i0.6444 + 0.5097i 0.6285 + 0.3572i 0.8056 + 0.5017i 0.7792 + 0.3548i 24.50.6341 + 0.0711i 0.6317 + 0.2150i 0.7905 + 0.0716i 0.7839 + 0.2154i0.6537 + 0.5167i 0.6360 + 0.3632i 0.8156 + 0.5101i 0.7875 + 0.3608i 250.6408 + 0.0723i 0.6355 + 0.2186i 0.7969 + 0.0724i 0.7860 + 0.2176i0.6614 + 0.5229i 0.6414 + 0.3685i 0.8234 + 0.5160i 0.7936 + 0.3653i 25.50.6523 + 0.0731i 0.6352 + 0.2218i 0.8115 + 0.0731i 0.7837 + 0.2189i0.6674 + 0.5284i 0.6441 + 0.3734i 0.8292 + 0.5189i 0.7961 + 0.3682i 260.6622 + 0.0739i 0.6337 + 0.2246i 0.8231 + 0.0739i 0.7818 + 0.2196i0.6739 + 0.5331i 0.6474 + 0.3777i 0.8353 + 0.5198i 0.7994 + 0.3695i wSNR w32 w33 w34 w35 w36 w37 w38 w39 5 0.2696 + 0.4521i 0.2696 + 0.4521i0.5169 + 1.2065i 0.5169 + 1.2065i 0.2696 + 0.4521i 0.2696 + 0.4521i0.5169 + 1.2065i 0.5169 + 1.2065i 5.5 0.2663 + 0.4530i 0.2663 + 0.4530i0.5115 + 1.2092i 0.5115 + 1.2092i 0.2663 + 0.4530i 0.2663 + 0.4530i0.5115 + 1.2092i 0.5115 + 1.2092i 6 1.2102 + 0.5067i 1.2102 + 0.5067i1.2102 + 0.5067i 1.2102 + 0.5066i 0.4570 + 0.2642i 0.4570 + 0.2642i0.4570 + 0.2642i 0.4570 + 0.2642i 6.5 0.4304 + 1.2538i 0.4304 + 1.2538i0.4305 + 1.2537i 0.4305 + 1.2537i 0.5752 + 1.1632i 0.5752 + 1.1632i0.5752 + 1.1632i 0.5752 + 1.1632i 7 0.5818 + 1.1302i 0.5321 + 1.0488i0.7162 + 1.3338i 0.5818 + 1.1302i 0.3631 + 1.2644i 0.3443 + 1.1417i0.4291 + 1.7565i 0.3631 + 1.2644i 7.5 0.2435 + 0.4714i 0.2297 + 0.4213i0.3175 + 1.1489i 0.3279 + 1.2665i 0.2555 + 0.5207i 0.2435 + 0.4714i0.3124 + 1.0924i 0.3175 + 1.1489i 8 0.2078 + 0.3708i 0.2228 + 0.4230i0.2228 + 0.4230i 0.2369 + 0.4792i 0.2257 + 0.3788i 0.2485 + 0.4288i0.2485 + 0.4288i 0.2729 + 0.4799i 8.5 0.1998 + 0.3693i 0.2156 + 0.4280i0.2156 + 0.4280i 0.2299 + 0.4909i 0.2178 + 0.3747i 0.2432 + 0.4300i0.2432 + 0.4300i 0.2708 + 0.4861i 9 0.1831 + 0.6858i 0.2571 + 0.6818i0.1879 + 0.8140i 0.2811 + 0.7667i 0.1851 + 0.6883i 0.2602 + 0.6851i0.1916 + 0.8173i 0.2857 + 0.7722i 9.5 0.1794 + 0.6888i 0.2585 + 0.6798i0.1875 + 0.8249i 0.2921 + 0.7656i 0.1820 + 0.6921i 0.2630 + 0.6841i0.1926 + 0.8288i 0.2983 + 0.7729i 10 0.3437 − 1.7476i 0.2830 − 1.4280i0.2435 − 0.9979i 0.2443 − 1.0202i 0.2830 − 1.4280i 0.2686 − 1.3530i0.2443 − 1.0202i 0.2449 − 1.0415i 10.5 0.3495 − 1.7549i 0.2804 − 1.4293i0.2340 − 0.9857i 0.2349 − 1.0112i 0.2804 − 1.4293i 0.2635 − 1.3614i0.2349 − 1.0112i 0.2356 − 1.0372i 11 0.1519 + 0.3049i 0.1510 + 0.3016i0.1510 + 0.3016i 0.1502 + 0.2983i 0.1699 + 0.3036i 0.1685 + 0.3005i0.1685 + 0.3005i 0.1671 + 0.2974i 11.5 0.1463 + 0.3015i 0.1471 + 0.3053i0.1453 + 0.2979i 0.1463 + 0.3015i 0.1666 + 0.2998i 0.1683 + 0.3032i0.1650 + 0.2964i 0.1666 + 0.2998i 12 0.1376 + 0.3342i 0.1383 + 0.3292i0.1363 + 0.3322i 0.1370 + 0.3273i 0.1655 + 0.3265i 0.1656 + 0.3227i0.1634 + 0.3246i 0.1636 + 0.3208i 12.5 0.1305 + 0.3817i 0.1310 + 0.3772i0.1295 + 0.3801i 0.1300 + 0.3756i 0.1670 + 0.3628i 0.1669 + 0.3598i0.1652 + 0.3613i 0.1652 + 0.3583i 13 0.1255 + 0.4148i 0.1258 + 0.4110i0.1246 + 0.4139i 0.1249 + 0.4100i 0.1693 + 0.3879i 0.1689 + 0.3856i0.1679 + 0.3867i 0.1675 + 0.3844i 13.5 0.1222 + 0.4300i 0.1222 + 0.4272i0.1213 + 0.4297i 0.1213 + 0.4269i 0.1716 + 0.3987i 0.1708 + 0.3972i0.1707 + 0.3976i 0.1700 + 0.3962i 14 0.1189 + 0.4354i 0.1187 + 0.4342i0.1181 + 0.4360i 0.1178 + 0.4348i 0.1722 + 0.4014i 0.1713 + 0.4009i0.1720 + 0.4006i 0.1711 + 0.4002i 14.5 0.1162 + 0.4484i 0.1159 + 0.4493i0.1156 + 0.4497i 0.1152 + 0.4507i 0.1751 + 0.4094i 0.1743 + 0.4102i0.1765 + 0.4086i 0.1757 + 0.4095i 15 0.2366 + 1.7925i 0.1132 + 1.0217i0.1343 + 1.4263i 0.1131 + 1.0934i 0.1130 + 0.6377i 0.1142 + 0.7348i0.1100 + 0.6285i 0.1120 + 0.7126i 15.5 0.1057 + 0.9757i 0.1704 + 0.9162i0.1155 + 0.9873i 0.1783 + 0.9299i 0.1349 + 0.6360i 0.1478 + 0.6586i0.1365 + 0.6293i 0.1479 + 0.6511i 16 0.1430 + 1.4001i 0.1156 + 1.1081i0.1884 + 1.7333i 0.1078 + 1.0066i 0.1071 + 0.6135i 0.1080 + 0.7000i0.1069 + 0.6283i 0.1060 + 0.7438i 16.5 0.1053 + 1.2977i 0.1293 + 0.9737i0.1785 + 1.2326i 0.1473 + 0.9932i 0.1149 + 0.6198i 0.1198 + 0.7262i0.1195 + 0.6155i 0.1240 + 0.7155i 17 0.1490 + 1.6173i 0.1183 + 0.9591i0.1303 + 1.3054i 0.1236 + 1.0413i 0.1061 + 0.6094i 0.1122 + 0.7387i0.1133 + 0.5999i 0.1188 + 0.7034i 17.5 0.1411 + 1.5896i 0.1170 + 0.9512i0.1278 + 1.2852i 0.1257 + 1.0327i 0.1004 + 0.5984i 0.1100 + 0.7473i0.1141 + 0.5926i 0.1221 + 0.7136i 18 0.1396 + 1.5775i 0.1131 + 0.9418i0.1242 + 1.2789i 0.1226 + 1.0347i 0.0938 + 0.5780i 0.1063 + 0.7507i0.1145 + 0.5762i 0.1223 + 0.7129i 18.5 0.1401 + 1.5712i 0.1104 + 0.9411i0.1233 + 1.2808i 0.1220 + 1.0474i 0.0863 + 0.5683i 0.1030 + 0.7613i0.1177 + 0.5704i 0.1259 + 0.7175i 19 0.1202 + 1.4352i 0.0996 + 1.2052i0.2171 + 1.6874i 0.2773 + 1.1812i 0.0839 + 0.8147i 0.0834 + 0.9964i0.1971 + 0.8041i 0.2436 + 0.9839i 19.5 0.1542 + 1.5593i 0.0710 + 0.9899i0.1176 + 1.2799i 0.1750 + 1.0404i 0.0755 + 0.6559i 0.0799 + 0.8133i0.1865 + 0.6474i 0.2027 + 0.8117i 20 0.1167 + 1.2700i 0.0962 + 1.0708i0.1297 + 1.5321i 0.0883 + 0.8994i 0.0749 + 0.5327i 0.0612 + 0.6589i0.1829 + 0.5465i 0.1233 + 0.7216i 20.5 0.1161 + 1.2756i 0.0974 + 1.0790i0.1295 + 1.5298i 0.0884 + 0.9064i 0.0720 + 0.5415i 0.0591 + 0.6728i0.1883 + 0.5570i 0.1297 + 0.7318i 21 0.1140 + 1.2762i 0.0978 + 1.0812i0.1280 + 1.5231i 0.0867 + 0.9060i 0.0704 + 0.5429i 0.0574 + 0.6772i0.1921 + 0.5608i 0.1353 + 0.7334i 21.5 0.1108 + 1.2731i 0.0977 + 1.0794i0.1256 + 1.5126i 0.0853 + 0.9029i 0.0694 + 0.5429i 0.0559 + 0.6795i0.1945 + 0.5628i 0.1410 + 0.7326i 22 0.1045 + 1.2645i 0.0959 + 1.0725i0.1201 + 1.4962i 0.0871 + 0.8987i 0.0687 + 0.5451i 0.0549 + 0.6836i0.1961 + 0.5662i 0.1487 + 0.7336i 22.5 0.1015 + 1.2588i 0.0952 + 1.0704i0.1161 + 1.4831i 0.0884 + 0.8992i 0.0685 + 0.5510i 0.0545 + 0.6912i0.1980 + 0.5732i 0.1557 + 0.7375i 23 0.1141 + 1.4950i 0.0679 + 0.9023i0.1059 + 1.2572i 0.1019 + 1.0664i 0.0653 + 0.5841i 0.0662 + 0.7419i0.2015 + 0.5913i 0.1899 + 0.7378i 23.5 0.0985 + 1.2520i 0.0938 + 1.0710i0.1114 + 1.4628i 0.0905 + 0.9054i 0.0693 + 0.5689i 0.0563 + 0.7102i0.2034 + 0.5915i 0.1695 + 0.7506i 24 0.0901 + 1.1911i 0.0801 + 1.0038i0.1106 + 1.4060i 0.2328 + 0.9654i 0.0680 + 0.6561i 0.0697 + 0.8236i0.2070 + 0.6480i 0.2108 + 0.8051i 24.5 0.0894 + 1.1877i 0.0808 + 1.0036i0.1074 + 1.3967i 0.2340 + 0.9604i 0.0695 + 0.6593i 0.0707 + 0.8259i0.2118 + 0.6478i 0.2131 + 0.8017i 25 0.0890 + 1.1877i 0.0816 + 1.0065i0.1053 + 1.3909i 0.2349 + 0.9570i 0.0709 + 0.6644i 0.0718 + 0.8309i0.2160 + 0.6470i 0.2150 + 0.7989i 25.5 0.0889 + 1.1889i 0.0823 + 1.0105i0.1037 + 1.3867i 0.2355 + 0.9547i 0.0721 + 0.6705i 0.0727 + 0.8369i0.2196 + 0.6455i 0.2165 + 0.7966i 26 0.0888 + 1.1903i 0.0829 + 1.0145i0.1023 + 1.3833i 0.2357 + 0.9536i 0.0732 + 0.6770i 0.0737 + 0.8430i0.2228 + 0.6437i 0.2175 + 0.7949i w SNR w40 w41 w42 w43 w44 w45 w46 w475 0.2696 + 0.4521i 0.2696 + 0.4521i 0.5170 + 1.2065i 0.5170 + 1.2065i0.2696 + 0.4521i 0.2696 + 0.4521i 0.5169 + 1.2065i 0.5169 + 1.2065i 5.50.2663 + 0.4530i 0.2663 + 0.4530i 0.5115 + 1.2092i 0.5115 + 1.2092i0.2663 + 0.4530i 0.2663 + 0.4530i 0.5115 + 1.2092i 0.5115 + 1.2092i 61.2102 + 0.5067i 1.2102 + 0.5067i 1.2102 + 0.5067i 1.2102 + 0.5067i0.4570 + 0.2642i 0.4570 + 0.2642i 0.4570 + 0.2642i 0.4570 + 0.2642i 6.50.4304 + 1.2538i 0.4304 + 1.2538i 0.4304 + 1.2537i 0.4304 + 1.2537i0.5752 + 1.1632i 0.5752 + 1.1632i 0.5752 + 1.1632i 0.5752 + 1.1632i 70.5321 + 1.0488i 0.5054 + 1.0028i 0.5818 + 1.1302i 0.5321 + 1.0488i0.3443 + 1.1417i 0.3344 + 1.0806i 0.3631 + 1.2644i 0.3443 + 1.1417i 7.50.4714 + 0.2435i 0.4213 + 0.2297i 1.1489 + 0.3175i 1.2665 + 0.3279i0.5207 + 0.2555i 0.4714 + 0.2435i 1.0924 + 0.3124i 1.1489 + 0.3175i 80.2228 + 0.4230i 0.2369 + 0.4792i 0.2369 + 0.4792i 0.2486 + 0.5341i0.2485 + 0.4288i 0.2729 + 0.4799i 0.2729 + 0.4799i 0.2969 + 0.5272i 8.50.2156 + 0.4280i 0.2299 + 0.4909i 0.2299 + 0.4909i 0.2411 + 0.5508i0.2432 + 0.4300i 0.2708 + 0.4861i 0.2708 + 0.4861i 0.2980 + 0.5370i 90.1856 + 0.6747i 0.2596 + 0.6730i 0.1922 + 0.7921i 0.2849 + 0.7548i0.1875 + 0.6772i 0.2626 + 0.6762i 0.1956 + 0.7959i 0.2892 + 0.7605i 9.50.1819 + 0.6783i 0.2610 + 0.6715i 0.1923 + 0.8010i 0.2956 + 0.7536i0.1845 + 0.6814i 0.2653 + 0.6756i 0.1970 + 0.8057i 0.3015 + 0.7610i 100.9890 − 1.4799i 0.8088 − 1.2150i 0.5335 − 0.8831i 0.5486 − 0.8998i0.8088 − 1.2150i 0.7657 − 1.1516i 0.5486 − 0.8998i 0.5630 − 0.9155i 10.50.9918 − 1.4880i 0.8109 − 1.2116i 0.5320 − 0.8680i 0.5496 − 0.8870i0.8109 − 1.2116i 0.7744 − 1.1516i 0.5496 − 0.8870i 0.5674 − 0.9058i 110.1967 + 0.6516i 0.1969 + 0.6552i 0.1969 + 0.6552i 0.1972 + 0.6592i0.3323 + 0.5926i 0.3347 + 0.5953i 0.3347 + 0.5953i 0.3374 + 0.5982i 11.50.1885 + 0.6662i 0.1878 + 0.6638i 0.1877 + 0.6689i 0.1869 + 0.6663i0.3440 + 0.5986i 0.3433 + 0.5965i 0.3466 + 0.5998i 0.3458 + 0.5975i 120.1779 + 0.6841i 0.1828 + 0.6845i 0.1745 + 0.6828i 0.1793 + 0.6829i0.3547 + 0.6009i 0.3593 + 0.6011i 0.3576 + 0.5990i 0.3624 + 0.5994i 12.50.1792 + 0.7116i 0.1856 + 0.7087i 0.1709 + 0.7113i 0.1774 + 0.7076i0.3740 + 0.6070i 0.3778 + 0.6065i 0.3777 + 0.6018i 0.3817 + 0.6013i 130.1817 + 0.7335i 0.1889 + 0.7276i 0.1660 + 0.7356i 0.1734 + 0.7283i0.3879 + 0.6101i 0.3903 + 0.6093i 0.3925 + 0.6005i 0.3948 + 0.5996i 13.50.1825 + 0.7468i 0.1898 + 0.7378i 0.1588 + 0.7521i 0.1666 + 0.7410i0.3967 + 0.6104i 0.3971 + 0.6093i 0.4022 + 0.5964i 0.4020 + 0.5952i 140.1826 + 0.7535i 0.1893 + 0.7416i 0.1516 + 0.7621i 0.1596 + 0.7470i0.4024 + 0.6084i 0.3991 + 0.6069i 0.4059 + 0.5914i 0.4018 + 0.5896i 14.50.1878 + 0.7652i 0.1918 + 0.7501i 0.1441 + 0.7789i 0.1507 + 0.7597i0.4094 + 0.6093i 0.4040 + 0.6061i 0.4153 + 0.5858i 0.4089 + 0.5826i 150.6334 + 1.5624i 0.3445 + 1.0222i 0.3767 + 1.3678i 0.3375 + 1.0864i0.3311 + 0.6416i 0.3353 + 0.7232i 0.3182 + 0.6339i 0.3260 + 0.7097i 15.50.1266 + 1.3390i 0.4298 + 0.9537i 0.2698 + 1.2595i 0.4136 + 1.0326i0.4146 + 0.6068i 0.4236 + 0.6703i 0.4011 + 0.5965i 0.4047 + 0.6466i 160.4307 + 1.3657i 0.3427 + 1.0736i 0.5886 + 1.6752i 0.3211 + 0.9921i0.3296 + 0.6232i 0.3421 + 0.6984i 0.3115 + 0.6358i 0.3204 + 0.7350i 16.50.2029 + 1.6229i 0.4061 + 0.9419i 0.4138 + 1.2839i 0.3981 + 0.9966i0.3744 + 0.6031i 0.3838 + 0.6977i 0.3484 + 0.6000i 0.3571 + 0.6873i 170.4551 + 1.5890i 0.3688 + 0.9394i 0.3994 + 1.2831i 0.3584 + 1.0296i0.3706 + 0.5982i 0.3667 + 0.7052i 0.3292 + 0.5917i 0.3315 + 0.6797i 17.50.4310 + 1.5685i 0.3749 + 0.9291i 0.3899 + 1.2664i 0.3578 + 1.0211i0.3781 + 0.5910i 0.3716 + 0.7091i 0.3216 + 0.5867i 0.3245 + 0.6863i 180.4257 + 1.5553i 0.3653 + 0.9212i 0.3793 + 1.2595i 0.3474 + 1.0247i0.3805 + 0.5765i 0.3633 + 0.7147i 0.3133 + 0.5726i 0.3120 + 0.6868i 18.50.4244 + 1.5436i 0.3639 + 0.9208i 0.3774 + 1.2582i 0.3430 + 1.0368i0.3915 + 0.5705i 0.3623 + 0.7269i 0.3080 + 0.5673i 0.3034 + 0.6934i 190.7690 + 1.4112i 0.6649 + 1.1380i 0.4761 + 1.4765i 0.4596 + 1.1970i0.4764 + 0.7356i 0.5686 + 0.9186i 0.3592 + 0.7734i 0.4125 + 0.9576i 19.50.4619 + 1.4871i 0.4964 + 0.9866i 0.3490 + 1.2589i 0.3490 + 1.0371i0.4558 + 0.6134i 0.4773 + 0.7891i 0.3323 + 0.6317i 0.3411 + 0.8066i 200.3324 + 1.2294i 0.3300 + 1.0062i 0.3879 + 1.4978i 0.2451 + 0.8999i0.4353 + 0.5950i 0.4122 + 0.7607i 0.3109 + 0.5751i 0.2807 + 0.7485i 20.50.3324 + 1.2302i 0.3334 + 1.0155i 0.3846 + 1.4868i 0.2478 + 0.9074i0.4435 + 0.6045i 0.4193 + 0.7714i 0.3125 + 0.5857i 0.2831 + 0.7571i 210.3284 + 1.2285i 0.3320 + 1.0206i 0.3786 + 1.4755i 0.2471 + 0.9090i0.4494 + 0.6106i 0.4225 + 0.7777i 0.3144 + 0.5907i 0.2838 + 0.7596i 21.50.3217 + 1.2283i 0.3261 + 1.0269i 0.3716 + 1.4663i 0.2470 + 0.9085i0.4549 + 0.6160i 0.4247 + 0.7818i 0.3170 + 0.5938i 0.2850 + 0.7600i 220.3100 + 1.2397i 0.3058 + 1.0469i 0.3607 + 1.4682i 0.2567 + 0.9079i0.4631 + 0.6208i 0.4319 + 0.7788i 0.3205 + 0.5962i 0.2904 + 0.7595i 22.50.3044 + 1.2443i 0.3002 + 1.0568i 0.3505 + 1.4648i 0.2617 + 0.9117i0.4705 + 0.6290i 0.4380 + 0.7857i 0.3259 + 0.6027i 0.2955 + 0.7625i 230.3452 + 1.1540i 0.4129 + 0.9793i 0.3125 + 1.3457i 0.2563 + 0.9501i0.4782 + 0.6393i 0.4531 + 0.8051i 0.3394 + 0.6131i 0.3093 + 0.7816i 23.50.2993 + 1.2594i 0.2906 + 1.0772i 0.3403 + 1.4686i 0.2690 + 0.9234i0.4846 + 0.6443i 0.4495 + 0.7999i 0.3381 + 0.6175i 0.3079 + 0.7726i 240.4884 + 1.4147i 0.4408 + 0.9883i 0.2990 + 1.3047i 0.3098 + 1.1123i0.5034 + 0.6582i 0.5007 + 0.8232i 0.3521 + 0.6461i 0.3534 + 0.7992i 24.50.4818 + 1.4041i 0.4361 + 0.9895i 0.2934 + 1.3012i 0.3024 + 1.1113i0.5119 + 0.6637i 0.5063 + 0.8279i 0.3591 + 0.6480i 0.3581 + 0.8012i 250.4778 + 1.3940i 0.4318 + 0.9909i 0.2896 + 1.2989i 0.2959 + 1.1112i0.5190 + 0.6693i 0.5110 + 0.8331i 0.3652 + 0.6503i 0.3620 + 0.8038i 25.50.4747 + 1.3846i 0.4279 + 0.9924i 0.2865 + 1.2969i 0.2905 + 1.1114i0.5249 + 0.6752i 0.5140 + 0.8384i 0.3704 + 0.6529i 0.3647 + 0.8068i 260.4711 + 1.3764i 0.4242 + 0.9942i 0.2836 + 1.2952i 0.2860 + 1.1119i0.5308 + 0.6813i 0.5155 + 0.8438i 0.3755 + 0.6565i 0.3664 + 0.8105i wSNR w48 w49 w50 w51 w52 w53 w54 w55 5 0.2696 + 0.4521i 0.2696 + 0.4521i0.5170 + 1.2065i 0.5169 + 1.2065i 0.2696 + 0.4521i 0.2696 + 0.4521i0.5169 + 1.2065i 0.5169 + 1.2065i 5.5 0.2663 + 0.4530i 0.2663 + 0.4530i0.5115 + 1.2092i 0.5115 + 1.2092i 0.2663 + 0.4530i 0.2663 + 0.4530i0.5115 + 1.2092i 0.5115 + 1.2092i 6 0.5067 + 1.2102i 0.5067 + 1.2102i0.5067 + 1.2102i 0.5067 + 1.2102i 0.2642 + 0.4570i 0.2642 + 0.4570i0.2642 + 0.4570i 0.2642 + 0.4570i 6.5 0.2553 + 0.4543i 0.2553 + 0.4543i0.2553 + 0.4543i 0.2553 + 0.4543i 0.2699 + 0.4632i 0.2699 + 0.4632i0.2699 + 0.4632i 0.2699 + 0.4632i 7 0.2570 + 0.4231i 0.2737 + 0.4610i0.2407 + 0.3854i 0.2570 + 0.4231i 0.2424 + 0.4005i 0.2551 + 0.4393i0.2293 + 0.3637i 0.2424 + 0.4005i 7.5 0.2297 + 0.4213i 0.2153 + 0.3744i0.3279 + 1.2665i 0.3690 + 1.7569i 0.2435 + 0.4714i 0.2297 + 0.4213i0.3175 + 1.1489i 0.3279 + 1.2665i 8 0.3708 + 0.2078i 0.4230 + 0.2228i0.4230 + 0.2228i 0.4792 + 0.2369i 0.3788 + 0.2257i 0.4288 + 0.2485i0.4288 + 0.2485i 0.4799 + 0.2729i 8.5 0.3693 + 0.1998i 0.4280 + 0.2156i0.4280 + 0.2156i 0.4909 + 0.2299i 0.3747 + 0.2178i 0.4300 + 0.2432i0.4300 + 0.2432i 0.4861 + 0.2708i 9 0.2427 + 0.2263i 0.2838 + 0.2486i0.2831 + 0.2190i 0.3278 + 0.2440i 0.2459 + 0.2248i 0.2871 + 0.2468i0.2869 + 0.2171i 0.3312 + 0.2418i 9.5 0.2335 + 0.2229i 0.2775 + 0.2471i0.2850 + 0.2115i 0.3342 + 0.2392i 0.2370 + 0.2213i 0.2813 + 0.2455i0.2895 + 0.2096i 0.3382 + 0.2371i 10 0.1636 − 0.3155i 0.1635 − 0.3150i0.2161 − 0.6148i 0.2169 − 0.6216i 0.1635 − 0.3150i 0.1634 − 0.3145i0.2169 − 0.6216i 0.2176 − 0.6290i 10.5 0.1570 − 0.3085i 0.1564 − 0.3061i0.2066 − 0.6354i 0.2071 − 0.6404i 0.1564 − 0.3061i 0.1557 − 0.3037i0.2071 − 0.6404i 0.2075 − 0.6460i 11 0.3051 + 0.1518i 0.3018 + 0.1510i0.3018 + 0.1510i 0.2985 + 0.1501i 0.3037 + 0.1699i 0.3007 + 0.1685i0.3007 + 0.1685i 0.2977 + 0.1671i 11.5 0.2979 + 0.1464i 0.3017 + 0.1473i0.2941 + 0.1456i 0.2979 + 0.1465i 0.2972 + 0.1662i 0.3006 + 0.1678i0.2937 + 0.1646i 0.2971 + 0.1662i 12 0.2697 + 0.1443i 0.2704 + 0.1433i0.2644 + 0.1442i 0.2650 + 0.1432i 0.2763 + 0.1638i 0.2768 + 0.1626i0.2715 + 0.1630i 0.2719 + 0.1618i 12.5 0.2423 + 0.1395i 0.2424 + 0.1389i0.2387 + 0.1394i 0.2388 + 0.1389i 0.2516 + 0.1583i 0.2517 + 0.1576i0.2482 + 0.1578i 0.2483 + 0.1571i 13 0.2256 + 0.1346i 0.2253 + 0.1344i0.2241 + 0.1346i 0.2237 + 0.1345i 0.2350 + 0.1552i 0.2347 + 0.1549i0.2335 + 0.1550i 0.2331 + 0.1547i 13.5 0.2177 + 0.1304i 0.2168 + 0.1304i0.2184 + 0.1305i 0.2174 + 0.1306i 0.2264 + 0.1539i 0.2255 + 0.1538i0.2269 + 0.1542i 0.2260 + 0.1541i 14 0.2139 + 0.1264i 0.2129 + 0.1265i0.2177 + 0.1267i 0.2167 + 0.1268i 0.2205 + 0.1529i 0.2196 + 0.1529i0.2239 + 0.1539i 0.2230 + 0.1539i 14.5 0.2048 + 0.1245i 0.2036 + 0.1246i0.2137 + 0.1252i 0.2125 + 0.1253i 0.2114 + 0.1549i 0.2104 + 0.1549i0.2194 + 0.1573i 0.2184 + 0.1573i 15 0.1245 + 0.1187i 0.1244 + 0.1173i0.1239 + 0.1191i 0.1238 + 0.1176i 0.1179 + 0.3687i 0.1194 + 0.3492i0.1158 + 0.3713i 0.1175 + 0.3517i 15.5 0.1162 + 0.1238i 0.1165 + 0.1240i0.1164 + 0.1233i 0.1167 + 0.1236i 0.1232 + 0.3743i 0.1224 + 0.3681i0.1248 + 0.3757i 0.1240 + 0.3695i 16 0.1246 + 0.1126i 0.1236 + 0.1147i0.1260 + 0.1137i 0.1249 + 0.1158i 0.1145 + 0.3722i 0.1158 + 0.3451i0.1155 + 0.3659i 0.1168 + 0.3397i 16.5 0.1108 + 0.1164i 0.1102 + 0.1224i0.1146 + 0.1160i 0.1140 + 0.1221i 0.1117 + 0.3822i 0.1114 + 0.3519i0.1161 + 0.3836i 0.1157 + 0.3531i 17 0.1115 + 0.1115i 0.1120 + 0.1205i0.1194 + 0.1109i 0.1199 + 0.1199i 0.1072 + 0.3744i 0.1092 + 0.3378i0.1154 + 0.3802i 0.1176 + 0.3422i 17.5 0.1091 + 0.1073i 0.1100 + 0.1219i0.1238 + 0.1068i 0.1247 + 0.1214i 0.1034 + 0.3767i 0.1065 + 0.3301i0.1187 + 0.3819i 0.1221 + 0.3339i 18 0.1029 + 0.1005i 0.1036 + 0.1205i0.1336 + 0.1000i 0.1343 + 0.1201i 0.0984 + 0.3716i 0.1017 + 0.3147i0.1253 + 0.3759i 0.1301 + 0.3177i 18.5 0.0939 + 0.0943i 0.0946 + 0.1241i0.1446 + 0.0939i 0.1449 + 0.1242i 0.0911 + 0.3755i 0.0942 + 0.3061i0.1336 + 0.3799i 0.1399 + 0.3092i 19 0.0784 + 0.0928i 0.0827 + 0.2753i0.0788 + 0.0929i 0.0872 + 0.2754i 0.0877 + 0.6350i 0.0879 + 0.4564i0.1446 + 0.6281i 0.1074 + 0.4545i 19.5 0.0788 + 0.0768i 0.0782 + 0.2154i0.1113 + 0.0765i 0.1213 + 0.2125i 0.0760 + 0.5036i 0.0772 + 0.3648i0.1642 + 0.4957i 0.1421 + 0.3594i 20 0.0713 + 0.0697i 0.0711 + 0.1478i0.2060 + 0.0687i 0.2046 + 0.1520i 0.0715 + 0.3878i 0.0710 + 0.2879i0.1957 + 0.3967i 0.2012 + 0.2903i 20.5 0.0696 + 0.0636i 0.0695 + 0.1639i0.2051 + 0.0633i 0.2044 + 0.1665i 0.0700 + 0.4057i 0.0696 + 0.2929i0.1995 + 0.4139i 0.2029 + 0.2955i 21 0.0696 + 0.0610i 0.0696 + 0.1698i0.2077 + 0.0610i 0.2073 + 0.1721i 0.0698 + 0.4114i 0.0697 + 0.2939i0.2034 + 0.4201i 0.2063 + 0.2971i 21.5 0.0707 + 0.0595i 0.0706 + 0.1722i0.2119 + 0.0599i 0.2114 + 0.1748i 0.0701 + 0.4134i 0.0705 + 0.2935i0.2066 + 0.4231i 0.2100 + 0.2979i 22 0.0723 + 0.0588i 0.0719 + 0.1737i0.2166 + 0.0598i 0.2155 + 0.1775i 0.0704 + 0.4157i 0.0713 + 0.2939i0.2086 + 0.4265i 0.2132 + 0.3001i 22.5 0.0730 + 0.0592i 0.0727 + 0.1768i0.2188 + 0.0604i 0.2178 + 0.1809i 0.0710 + 0.4212i 0.0721 + 0.2976i0.2107 + 0.4330i 0.2155 + 0.3047i 23 0.0720 + 0.0615i 0.0717 + 0.1851i0.2162 + 0.0625i 0.2153 + 0.1881i 0.0692 + 0.4430i 0.0709 + 0.3116i0.2088 + 0.4508i 0.2131 + 0.3169i 23.5 0.0735 + 0.0614i 0.0734 + 0.1846i0.2204 + 0.0628i 0.2198 + 0.1888i 0.0720 + 0.4369i 0.0730 + 0.3094i0.2145 + 0.4495i 0.2184 + 0.3170i 24 0.0668 + 0.0698i 0.0669 + 0.2101i0.2012 + 0.0697i 0.2017 + 0.2100i 0.0675 + 0.5006i 0.0672 + 0.3530i0.2047 + 0.4981i 0.2028 + 0.3524i 24.5 0.0679 + 0.0704i 0.0679 + 0.2120i0.2045 + 0.0702i 0.2048 + 0.2113i 0.0689 + 0.5043i 0.0683 + 0.3561i0.2088 + 0.4995i 0.2060 + 0.3542i 25 0.0687 + 0.0711i 0.0686 + 0.2143i0.2073 + 0.0705i 0.2070 + 0.2122i 0.0701 + 0.5091i 0.0690 + 0.3598i0.2121 + 0.5000i 0.2083 + 0.3552i 25.5 0.0699 + 0.0718i 0.0690 + 0.2167i0.2111 + 0.0703i 0.2080 + 0.2118i 0.0711 + 0.5149i 0.0694 + 0.3642i0.2146 + 0.4990i 0.2095 + 0.3547i 26 0.0711 + 0.0728i 0.0687 + 0.2202i0.2153 + 0.0697i 0.2074 + 0.2103i 0.0722 + 0.5215i 0.0699 + 0.3698i0.2171 + 0.4970i 0.2104 + 0.3528i w SNR w56 w57 w58 w59 w60 w61 w62 w635 0.2696 + 0.4521i 0.2696 + 0.4521i 0.5170 + 1.2065i 0.5170 + 1.2065i0.2696 + 0.4521i 0.2696 + 0.4521i 0.5170 + 1.2065i 0.5169 + 1.2065i 5.50.2663 + 0.4530i 0.2663 + 0.4530i 0.5115 + 1.2092i 0.5115 + 1.2092i0.2663 + 0.4530i 0.2663 + 0.4530i 0.5115 + 1.2092i 0.5115 + 1.2092i 60.5067 + 1.2102i 0.5067 + 1.2102i 0.5067 + 1.2102i 0.5067 + 1.2102i0.2642 + 0.4570i 0.2642 + 0.4570i 0.2642 + 0.4570i 0.2642 + 0.4570i 6.50.2553 + 0.4543i 0.2553 + 0.4543i 0.2553 + 0.4543i 0.2553 + 0.4543i0.2699 + 0.4632i 0.2699 + 0.4632i 0.2699 + 0.4632i 0.2699 + 0.4632i 70.2737 + 0.4610i 0.2897 + 0.4968i 0.2571 + 0.4231i 0.2737 + 0.4610i0.2551 + 0.4393i 0.2668 + 0.4777i 0.2424 + 0.4005i 0.2551 + 0.4393i 7.50.4213 + 0.2297i 0.3744 + 0.2153i 1.2665 + 0.3279i 1.7569 + 0.3690i0.4714 + 0.2435i 0.4213 + 0.2297i 1.1489 + 0.3175i 1.2665 + 0.3279i 80.4230 + 0.2228i 0.4792 + 0.2369i 0.4792 + 0.2369i 0.5341 + 0.2486i0.4288 + 0.2485i 0.4799 + 0.2729i 0.4799 + 0.2729i 0.5272 + 0.2969i 8.50.4280 + 0.2156i 0.4909 + 0.2299i 0.4909 + 0.2299i 0.5508 + 0.2411i0.4300 + 0.2432i 0.4861 + 0.2708i 0.4861 + 0.2708i 0.5370 + 0.2980i 90.2535 + 0.2242i 0.2958 + 0.2464i 0.2959 + 0.2162i 0.3401 + 0.2408i0.2568 + 0.2226i 0.2992 + 0.2445i 0.2999 + 0.2142i 0.3435 + 0.2384i 9.50.2466 + 0.2220i 0.2928 + 0.2463i 0.3019 + 0.2094i 0.3505 + 0.2369i0.2504 + 0.2203i 0.2968 + 0.2446i 0.3066 + 0.2074i 0.3545 + 0.2345i 100.1777 − 0.3146i 0.1775 − 0.3142i 0.3118 − 0.5742i 0.3157 − 0.5798i0.1775 − 0.3142i 0.1773 − 0.3138i 0.3157 − 0.5798i 0.3199 − 0.5859i 10.50.1726 − 0.3073i 0.1716 − 0.3050i 0.3219 − 0.5854i 0.3250 − 0.5893i0.1716 − 0.3050i 0.1707 − 0.3028i 0.3250 − 0.5893i 0.3285 − 0.5937i 110.6517 + 0.1968i 0.6553 + 0.1969i 0.6553 + 0.1970i 0.6593 + 0.1971i0.5926 + 0.3323i 0.5953 + 0.3347i 0.5953 + 0.3347i 0.5983 + 0.3373i 11.50.6651 + 0.1874i 0.6629 + 0.1867i 0.6676 + 0.1867i 0.6652 + 0.1860i0.5987 + 0.3415i 0.5967 + 0.3408i 0.5999 + 0.3441i 0.5977 + 0.3433i 120.6488 + 0.1696i 0.6462 + 0.1706i 0.6456 + 0.1745i 0.6431 + 0.1753i0.5854 + 0.3186i 0.5862 + 0.3167i 0.5864 + 0.3275i 0.5873 + 0.3254i 12.50.6316 + 0.1560i 0.6315 + 0.1561i 0.6247 + 0.1604i 0.6248 + 0.1604i0.5783 + 0.3024i 0.5798 + 0.3002i 0.5773 + 0.3109i 0.5787 + 0.3085i 130.6170 + 0.1462i 0.6194 + 0.1456i 0.6069 + 0.1499i 0.6096 + 0.1493i0.5711 + 0.2953i 0.5733 + 0.2925i 0.5681 + 0.3029i 0.5702 + 0.3000i 13.50.6100 + 0.1390i 0.6146 + 0.1379i 0.5973 + 0.1418i 0.6021 + 0.1407i0.5671 + 0.2989i 0.5699 + 0.2952i 0.5622 + 0.3050i 0.5648 + 0.3012i 140.6083 + 0.1348i 0.6131 + 0.1340i 0.5937 + 0.1359i 0.5986 + 0.1351i0.5634 + 0.3136i 0.5659 + 0.3081i 0.5560 + 0.3149i 0.5581 + 0.3094i 14.50.6021 + 0.1286i 0.6083 + 0.1281i 0.5829 + 0.1293i 0.5889 + 0.1287i0.5602 + 0.3179i 0.5630 + 0.3124i 0.5492 + 0.3184i 0.5514 + 0.3131i 150.3704 + 0.1254i 0.3712 + 0.1251i 0.3655 + 0.1247i 0.3663 + 0.1243i0.3507 + 0.3864i 0.3567 + 0.3730i 0.3413 + 0.3842i 0.3479 + 0.3703i 15.50.3691 + 0.1161i 0.3726 + 0.1149i 0.3462 + 0.1176i 0.3495 + 0.1166i0.3880 + 0.3542i 0.3859 + 0.3426i 0.3721 + 0.3619i 0.3694 + 0.3510i 160.3798 + 0.1221i 0.3814 + 0.1262i 0.3718 + 0.1223i 0.3734 + 0.1263i0.3551 + 0.3930i 0.3657 + 0.3748i 0.3422 + 0.3818i 0.3526 + 0.3629i 16.50.3595 + 0.1122i 0.3649 + 0.1166i 0.3317 + 0.1131i 0.3362 + 0.1181i0.3658 + 0.3713i 0.3698 + 0.3435i 0.3402 + 0.3754i 0.3436 + 0.3473i 170.3728 + 0.1147i 0.3680 + 0.1240i 0.3411 + 0.1128i 0.3369 + 0.1221i0.3747 + 0.3766i 0.3717 + 0.3453i 0.3348 + 0.3800i 0.3339 + 0.3472i 17.50.3820 + 0.1125i 0.3761 + 0.1279i 0.3399 + 0.1094i 0.3352 + 0.1245i0.3834 + 0.3812i 0.3805 + 0.3416i 0.3287 + 0.3836i 0.3290 + 0.3417i 180.4034 + 0.1051i 0.3990 + 0.1268i 0.3351 + 0.1017i 0.3324 + 0.1227i0.3940 + 0.3783i 0.3941 + 0.3266i 0.3224 + 0.3797i 0.3242 + 0.3257i 18.50.4172 + 0.0983i 0.4129 + 0.1333i 0.3295 + 0.0948i 0.3269 + 0.1276i0.4055 + 0.3867i 0.4070 + 0.3192i 0.3165 + 0.3859i 0.3192 + 0.3168i 190.2459 + 0.0870i 0.2683 + 0.2541i 0.2324 + 0.0875i 0.2491 + 0.2574i0.3841 + 0.5754i 0.3150 + 0.4197i 0.3139 + 0.6000i 0.2782 + 0.4299i 19.50.3357 + 0.0722i 0.3554 + 0.1787i 0.2645 + 0.0759i 0.2773 + 0.1974i0.4211 + 0.4555i 0.3908 + 0.3235i 0.3141 + 0.4762i 0.2975 + 0.3417i 200.4915 + 0.0675i 0.4864 + 0.1749i 0.3507 + 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0.4924i 0.5105 + 0.3465i 0.3558 + 0.4698i 0.3634 + 0.3304i 240.4796 + 0.0697i 0.4800 + 0.2104i 0.3382 + 0.0697i 0.3390 + 0.2100i0.4925 + 0.5035i 0.4833 + 0.3548i 0.3463 + 0.4979i 0.3414 + 0.3526i 24.50.4861 + 0.0706i 0.4859 + 0.2131i 0.3435 + 0.0702i 0.3439 + 0.2114i0.5003 + 0.5082i 0.4895 + 0.3586i 0.3523 + 0.4998i 0.3464 + 0.3545i 250.4922 + 0.0714i 0.4900 + 0.2154i 0.3482 + 0.0705i 0.3474 + 0.2123i0.5068 + 0.5129i 0.4941 + 0.3621i 0.3574 + 0.5015i 0.3500 + 0.3558i 25.50.5014 + 0.0721i 0.4909 + 0.2174i 0.3548 + 0.0706i 0.3488 + 0.2127i0.5120 + 0.5180i 0.4965 + 0.3657i 0.3613 + 0.5034i 0.3518 + 0.3569i 260.5101 + 0.0730i 0.4897 + 0.2198i 0.3616 + 0.0709i 0.3479 + 0.2135i0.5175 + 0.5233i 0.4992 + 0.3698i 0.3655 + 0.5062i 0.3537 + 0.3587i

Signaling will now be described. First, L1 signaling processed by L1signaling unit 15 will be described. The proposed system uses similarlayer 1 (L1) signaling mechanisms as in DVB-T2. However, the signalingcapacity of the preamble signal is significantly extended due to the newstructure, i.e. mixing data and pilot carriers as well as the overlaidtime domain sequence. A P2 symbol as in DVB-T2 is not foreseen for themoment, i.e. the capacity of the new preamble is estimated to besufficiently high, however an optional dedicated signaling PLP isavailable for the rare cases when large amounts of data need to besignaled. In-band signaling processed by in-band signaling unit 16 issimilar to that in DVB-T2.

Next, an Emergency Warning System (EWS) will be described. Such an EWSgenerally has the following requirements:

-   -   Short system end to end delay: Earthquake: as fast as possible        (<100 ms); other natural disaster: <1 s;    -   Robustness: Very high robustness in low SNR environment;    -   Low power consumption of EWS receiver: Very low power for PHY        decoding, so that the service can be “always-on”;    -   Location awareness: Emergency alert may go out to all receivers,        but must have some localization;    -   Multiple Emergencies: Must be able to cope with multiple        emergencies occurring simultaneously:    -   Security: Must not be able to be “hijacked” (false message)    -   Support various types of Alerts: Static or variable text        messages; static images; link to videos (example: presidential        address):    -   No service interruption, i.e. continuous decoding of the data        PLP;    -   Variable system bandwidth: the EWS system must be able to cope        with all possible transmission system bandwidths;    -   Long Frame Lengths: to be supported like in DVB-T2, long frame        lengths are likely for HD (e.g. 4 k, 8 k) services; however,        long frame based system may lead to large delays.

The proposed system (i.e. the transmitter and the receiver) includes anemergency warning system 17 which has the following advantages:

-   -   Extremely robust, i.e. reliable detection and decoding even for        bad channel conditions;    -   Extremely fast response to emergencies (e.g. earthquakes);    -   Low power monitoring of signal possible, even for receivers in        sleep mode;    -   Emergency case detection.

The emergency case detection of the emergency warning system is achievedby an emergency indicator, which may be a simple one bit flag that isprotected by a scrambling sequence and added to the preamble symbol ofthe transmitted signal. The same preamble is used for all frame typesand it comprises a regular 8 k symbol with an extended guard interval(fractional length 57/128). The emergency indicator could be alsoembedded into other types of preambles, such as the P1 symbol of DVB-T2.However this has the disadvantage of lower signaling capacity (only 7bits signaling capacity for a P1 symbol) as well as higher decodingpower requirements for receivers in stand-by mode.

The preamble symbol uses an overlaid time domain pilot signal (SigSeq).This requires good ACF (auto correlation function) properties thatallows for accurate frame synchronization and channel impulse response(CIR) estimation. The full-band Channel Transfer Function estimation atthe receiver is accordingly calculated from the CIR. The SigSeqcomprises one of two possible constant amplitude zero autocorrelation(CAZAC) sequences in order to allow power efficient EWS detection whichwill be explained in more detail below. CAZAC sequences have been chosendue to their excellent correlation properties in time and frequencydomain as well as their band-limited spectrum behavior. Normal EWSoperation (i.e. no emergency is occurring) is signaled by transmittingthe first CAZAC sequence. In case of an emergency event, the secondsequence is transmitted. An EWS receiver then performs EWS decoding tofind out the details about the EWS event. Further information about thetype of emergency and the details may be contained in the L1 signalinginformation or in the EWS signaling data as proposed herein and as willbe explained below.

The SigSeq is extremely robust and also enables receivers in a low powerstate to monitor the preamble symbol with low power consumption only tosee whether there is an emergency. This is in contrast to other systems,where the emergency is contained in the transport stream and thereceiver must decode the entire signal in order to detect an emergency.

Embodiments of the present technique can also provide an arrangement inwhich the choice of signature sequence is in itself a signaling messagerepresenting information such as the presence or absence of a warningmessage within the layer one signaling data or payload. An example of atransmitter for generating a preamble symbol which includes signalingmessages according to the present technique is shown in FIG. 8.

The transmitter comprises means to adapt the transmitted preamble toconvey additional signaling messages. The general layout and function ofthe various general elements of the transmitter will be explained belowwith reference to FIG. 16 so that mainly the essential differences willbe explained and the same parts as the transmitter of FIG. 16 have thesame numerical references.

As shown in a first embodiment shown in FIG. 8a , the signature sequencegenerator 103 forms part of a signaling sequence processor 800 which inone embodiment includes, with the signature sequence generator 103, anEWS flag generator 801 that generates an EWS flag representing thesignature sequence.

In an alternative, more advance embodiment shown in FIG. 8b a sequencenumber controller 804 is provided with the signaling sequence processor800. The input 802 to the signature sequence generator 103 receives theoutput from the sequence number controller 804. The sequence numbercontroller input 806 represents the message that the transmitter wouldlike to convey to receivers within the network. The signature sequencegenerator 103 is configured to be able to generate one of N+1 possiblesequences. A given number 0≤i≤N on the input 802 of the signaturesequence generator 103 causes the signature sequence generator 103 tooutput the sequence whose cardinal number is i from amongst its set ofsignature sequences. The output of one or other of the signaturesequences from generator 103 conveys a pre-determined message to allreceivers in the network that receive the signal. In one example themessage represents an early warning signal (EWS). In this example, N=1.For example, when there is need to convey an early warning signal (EWS)to all receivers, the input 806 to the signature sequence processor 800carries a 1. Accordingly, the sequence number controller 804 outputs ‘1’onto input 802 of the signature sequence generator 103 which effect isto cause the signature sequence generator 103 to generate signaturesequence number 1 and output this to the gain block 105. When there isno EWS to be conveyed, the input 806 to the signature sequence processor800 carries a ‘0’. Accordingly, the sequence number controller 804outputs ‘0’ onto input 802 of the signature sequence generator 103 whicheffect is to cause the signature sequence generator 103 to generatesignature sequence number zero and output this to the gain block 105. Inthis example, all receivers within the network detecting signaturesequence ‘1’ determine that this represents an EWS further informationabout which is carried in the EWS signaling data. The receiver can thentake further action to decode and interpret the emergency information.On the other hand, receivers detecting signature sequence number zerowould determine that there are no current emergencies imminent and socontinue to regularly decode and display the audio-visual information inthe payload of the frame. In another embodiment continuous servicedecoding could be provided in case of emergencies.

In another example the signature sequence generated by the signaturesequence generator 103 is one of a predetermined set of sequences whichrepresent as many messages as there are signature sequences generated bythe signature sequence generator 103. In order to communicate each ofthese messages the message number of input 806 is arranged to be therequired signature sequence number which the signature sequencegenerator 103 uses to select one of the signature sequences from itspredetermined set of signature sequences. The selection of the signaturesequence is therefore representative of a different one of acorresponding predetermined set of messages which thereby conveysinformation which may be a particular warning message, such as a tsunamiwarning or may be a message for a different purpose. Each message canprovide different information. For example in a N=4 message system,message 1 could be an early warning of a possible emergency situation,such as an approaching hurricane or tsunami while message 2 could be anindication of an all-clear prior to the normal state represented bymessage 0 which requires no particular action. In an embodiment theearly warning signal could trigger the receiver to display a message oraudible warning instructing users of the device to evacuate a buildingfor example. Thus a receiver could detect the message 1 and generateaudible or visual output to the users to provide a warning. Similarlymessages message 3 and message 4 could provide similar broadcastinformation, such as public safety announcement, radio trafficannouncements or flooding. As will be understood, the choice of sequencethereby represents one of the messages selected and therefore conveysinformation.

Returning to FIG. 8 and assuming a system with N=1 which represents asystem with only one message for example one with only ‘normaloperation’ and ‘impending disaster’ messages, the table shown in FIG. 42shows example parameters for generating the two signature sequencesrequired. To generate each sequence, the sequence generator 103 will usethe corresponding set of parameters {u, Na} in the CAZAC sequencegenerator equation shown.

FIG. 43 provides a conceptual representation of the operation of theguard insertion unit 109 when operating in combination with thesignaling sequence processor 800. As shown in FIG. 43, the OFDM symbolfor example for 8K mode which is fed to an input of the scaling unit 106is formed from samples including the useful part of the OFDM symbol 850and the guard interval samples 852. The first signature sequence 854 orthe second signature sequence 856 is selected under the control of thesequence number controller 804. The mapping of the guard interval fromthe useful part of the OFDM symbol is shown from the examples for themessage sequence and the signature sequence 854, 856.

A receiver which has been adapted in accordance with the presenttechnique to detect and decode a message provided by the messagesequence transmitted by the transmitter shown in FIGS. 8 and 43 isprovided in FIG. 44. FIG. 44 corresponds to the receiver shown in FIG.17 for the example of the frequency domain signature sequence removal.However, as will be appreciated a corresponding adaptation can be madeto the receiver which removes the signature sequence in the time domainas shown in FIGS. 38 and 39.

As shown in FIG. 44 the receiver includes a message detector 858. Themessage detector 858 is shown in more detail in FIG. 9. As shown in FIG.9 the received signal is fed to the message detector 858 after thefrequency offset has been removed by the receiver as shown in FIG. 37a .Thus the message detector 858 comprises first and second branches 860,862 in which two matched filters are present 864, 866. The first matchedfilter 864 corresponds to the matched filter 502 shown in FIGS. 17 and38 and has an impulse response which is matched to that of the signaturesequence ‘0’ for detecting the preamble symbol in ‘normal operation’.The second matched filter 866 is matched to the signature sequence ‘1’which may be transmitted to provide for example an early warningmessage. The outputs from the first and second matched filters 864, 866are fed to first and second inputs of a comparator 868 which outputs anindication as to which of the two signature sequences was better matchedto the received signal. Depending upon whether the degree of the bettermatch exceeds a given threshold a selector 870 then initiates furtherprocessing of the input data to extract more information about theemergency in unit 872 or terminates at 874. If the preamble symbol iscarrying the signature sequence ‘0’ indicating ‘normal operation’ thenno further processing of the signal for emergency extraction purposes isrequired. However if the EWS sequence is detected then the furtheremergency processing is in general done by the processor 872.

According to the present technique it will be appreciated that becausethe signature sequence is designed to be detected first, with thedetection of the preamble OFDM symbol in a frame, at lower signal tonoise ratios than the payload data, early warning signaling by themethod described above can provide an early warning which is more widelydetectable than the payload data. Furthermore, because the EWS messagecan be detected independently of the payload data, a receiver can beconfigured to detect the EWS message even in a standby state orpowered-off state by providing a small amount of power to only the partof the receiver (described above) which is configured to detect the EWSmessage.

For the example in which more than one (N>1) possible messages may beconveyed, the message sequence matched filter 864 can be adapted asshown in FIG. 45 to include a bank of matched filters 864.1, 864.2,864.3 etc. For the example shown in FIG. 25, a matched filer 864.1,864.2, 864.3 is provided for each of the possible N+1 signaturesequences corresponding to message 0 (‘normal operation), MESSAGE1,MESSAGE2, MESSAGE3, MESSAGE4, to MESSAGE N although it will beappreciated that this is a functional description and a softwarearrangement could be provided in which a matched filter is adapted tohave a different impulse responses for each of the possible signaturesequences. The message processor 872 receives the outputs from therespective matched filters 864.1, 864.2, 864.3 via the comparator 868and the selector 870 and then extracts the appropriate message from thereceived signal according to which of the matched filters produces thehighest output relatively. The output is however compared with athreshold to determine that the message was transmitted to avoid a falsealarm due to the presence of noise. The message can therefore bedetected by identifying one of the possible sequences of the set ofsignature sequences. Thus, by identifying the message sequence from apossible set of sequences the information conveyed by the message isidentified. In one example the message sequence represents secondsignaling data, which may represent layer one signaling data and so maybe fed to the preamble detector and decoder 430 for detecting andrecovering the payload data. For the case of N>1 for every N the syntaxof the 256 bits basic EWS data could be different.

According to one example embodiment, the signaling data may be used toidentify a type of constellation which is used for carrying the layerone signaling in the signaling OFDM symbol. Thus, the second signalingdata carried by the message sequence can represent a modulation scheme,for example, BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, or 64QAM, which may be represented bydifferent possible sequences of the message sequence. The modulationscheme therefore represents the way in which data has been modulatedonto the signaling OFDM symbol. Thus, having detected thesynchronization sequence within the received signal to identify thesignaling frame, the message processor 872 is used to detect the messagesequence, the detected message sequence from for example four possiblesequences each representing a different modulation scheme thereforeprovides the modulation scheme with which data is modulated onto thesignaling OFDM symbol. Therefore, the message processor 872 feeds anoutput signal to the preamble detector and decoder 430 which is arrangedto demodulate the data from the sub-carriers of the signaling OFDMsymbol to thereby recover the signaling data which may represent layerone data of the preamble OFDM symbol.

For the example in which the message sequence is used to provide userlevel information such as an early warning message for a public safetybroadcast, then the receiver could be arranged to provide power to thepreamble detector and decoder 430 even in a powered off state or standbystate so that the preamble detector and decoder 430 can be arranged tosubstantially continuously monitor the signaling messages. In someexamples a battery may be used to provide power if the receiver is notconnected to a mains electricity supply. In some examples wherenecessary the matched filter 502 may also be provided with power whenthe receiver is not in a powered on state so that the message sequencecan be detected, although in other examples the preamble detector anddecoder 430 may be configured to provide all necessary functionality todetect the message sequence and so may only need to be poweredsubstantially continuously.

Next, the proposed Emergency Warning system signaling will be describedin more detail. In the following, different embodiments to embed the EWSsignaling data in the transmission signal are explained. Theclassification of the different EWS signaling options is summarized inFIG. 10.

Various embodiments for EWS signaling on the payload level will beexplained first. In a first embodiment signaling insertion by replacingOFDM subcarriers or particular bits of QAM symbols of a payload PLP isused. In this first approach, the EWS signaling replaces on transmissionside in case of an emergency event pre-defined payload subcarriers atknown locations of an OFDM symbol. Instead of replacing OFDM subcarriersof an OFDM based transmission systems, analogously, transmission symbolsof a single-carrier system can be replaced.

The receiver generally knows (or is informed of, e.g. by signaling fromthe transmitter) the number of affected carriers and ignores them (i.e.by setting the related LLR values prior to LDPC decoding to 0), and istherefore still able to decode the payload PLP with a small penalty inthe required SNR for error free decoding. This is exemplary shown inFIG. 11 (showing a simplified view of a transmitter 900, e.g. withoutinterleaving stages) for a system using elements from a system inaccording with the DVB-T2 standard with the two signaling stages L1-preand L1-post at the beginning of the transmission frame (T2-frame) andone payload PLP processed by a FEC payload PLP modulator 902, a QAMmapper 904, a preamble generator 906, a framing unit 908 and an OFDMunit 910. Such a frame is exemplary shown in FIG. 12, particularlyshowing an EWS signaling block replacing subcarriers of a payload PLPbefore frequency and time interleaving (in this example, the first PLPafter L1 signaling is partly replaced by the EWS signaling block).

For generating and embedding the EWS signaling data into the frames anEWS signaling receiver 912, an FEC EWS signaling modulator 914, a QAMmapper 916 and an EWS embedder 918 are provided. By use of switches 920,922 the processing chain can be modified such that the EWS signalingdata are embedded into the frames.

The EWS signaling block punctures the first OFDM subcarriers of thepayload PLP. As one example, this example shows the scheduling of theOFDM subcarriers before frequency and time interleaving, i.e. afterfrequency and time interleaving the EWS signaling block is spread acrossthe complete interleaving depth for maximum frequency and timediversity.

Of course, the punctured subcarriers may also be at other locations of aframe. Devices in sleep mode that detected the emergency event in thepreamble might not be able to decode the EWS signaling after thepreamble, since they need some time to power up to full operationalmode. The EWS signaling block might therefore be scheduled to a laterposition in the frame to allow for all required ‘waking up’ steps (powerup, synchronization, channel estimation, buffering, etc.).

The impact of this puncturing for the payload is negligible for largetime interleaver sizes, since only a small fraction of the timeinterleaver frame is affected by the puncturing. The puncturing penaltycan be reduced by optimized scheduling, such as:

-   -   in case of scheduling without subslicing (so called type 1 PLP        for DVB-T2/NGH) schedule the PLP with largest time interleaver        frames first for replacement by EWS;    -   sub-slicing (so called type 2 PLP for DVB-T2/NGH) with short sub        slices distributes the puncturing penalty to multiple PLPs;    -   higher modulation order and code rates of EWS signaling block        reduces the puncturing penalty (this is a trade-off between EWS        coverage and payload puncturing penalty). However, highest        priority needs to be set to a reliable EWS decoding, on the cost        of some picture quality.

The puncturing penalty can be reduced if the EWS signaling block onlyaffects a small fraction of the payload PLP. Spreading the EWS overmultiple transmission frames is one option, but drastically increasesthe decoding delay of the EWS system. On the other hand, instead ofspreading the EWS, an increased time interleaving size of the payloadPLP or the reduction of the size of the EWS signaling block can alsoreduce the effects of punctured payload. FIG. 13 illustrates thedependency of the payload decoding performance for different timeinterleaver depths and different numbers of punctured subcarriers by theEWS signaling block. In particular, FIG. 13 illustrates the payload PLPBER performance of DVB-T2 for different TI depths (denoted as multiplesof 64 k FEC Frames) and different EWS signaling block lengths (cell=OFDMsubcarrier).

So far the puncturing or replacement of complete QAM symbols has beenconsidered. The main advantage is the simple insertion at a very latestage in the processing chain of the transmitter before the frequencyinterleaver.

As an alternative solution more sophisticated puncturing schemes can beused to reduce the puncturing penalty for the payload PLP(s). Onepossibility is to puncture/replace only the LSBs of QAM symbols insteadof puncturing/replacing the complete QAM symbols. This reduces thepuncturing penalty of the payload PLP, since the least robust bits arepunctured. The drawback is that this may increases the EWS delay, sincemore QAM symbols are required to carry the same EWS signaling dataamount.

In addition the insertion of the EWS signaling data is more difficult,since already modulated QAM cells have to be altered. The robustness ofthe EWS signaling block is directly related to the modulation order ofthe payload PLP, reducing the flexibility of the robustness of the EWSsignaling block. Finally, there is a large impact on the scheduling aswell as the de-scheduling in case of Multiple PLPs, since the EWSsignaling block may be transmitted in PLPs with different modulationorders. The effect of choosing different QAM cell bits for EWS data isas follows: If LSBs are selected, the EWS performance is degradedcompared to the payload; if MSBs are selected it is the other wayaround.

Another solution is to apply the EWS insertion only to the last paritybits of each FEC Frame of a systematic FEC instead of random bits of thepayload and the parity bits. For this solution a negligible gain for thepayload is expected. Again there is a large impact on the (de)schedulingto find the interleaved subcarriers carrying the corresponding paritybits. Again, the solution may imply an increase in the EWS delay, sincemore subcarriers are required to carry the same amount of EWS signalingdata.

In another embodiment hierarchical modulation of EWS signaling data on ahigh priority stream is proposed. To illustrate this approach an exampleshall be given: Let the payload originally use 16-QAM. In order to embedthe coded EWS signaling block the constellation size for these QAMsymbols is increased to 64-QAM, the EWS signaling data is inserted onthe 2 MSBs. Only as many hierarchically modulated symbols as necessaryare inserted. As a drawback, one FEC Frame comprises many normal QAMsymbols but also some hierarchically modulated symbols.

Another measure to adjust the EWS coverage or robustness is to selectthe bit-priority of the hierarchical modulation, i.e. selecting MSBs orLSBs. This comes with a slight increase of the payload receivercomplexity, as the receiver needs to support the change of modulationorder during payload decoding. However there is no related increase inthe EWS device complexity (QPSK demapping of 64-QAM to get two MSBs).Another drawback is the fact that Hierarchical Modulation is notpossible if the payload already uses the largest possible modulationorder. Furthermore the payload bit interleaver is not optimized for thenext higher QAM size. This typically results in a negligible penalty.However, the penalty on payload PLP using hierarchical modulation iscomparably small.

A performance comparison of the above explained payload related optionscan be seen in FIG. 14 showing the payload PLP performance for differentEWS insertion methods.

The use of reserved tones for detection and signaling will now beexplained. Reserved tones are used in OFDM based transmission systemssuch as DVB-T2 to reduce the PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio): Roughly1% of the OFDM subcarriers are adjusted in their complex value by analgorithm to influence the time domain OFDM signal in a positive way,i.e. peaks in the time domain signal are reduced. Basically, it ispossible to use the capacity of the reserved tones for the EWSsignaling—of course only if an emergency event occurs. Otherwise thereserved tones can be used for PAPR reduction. Therefore, the systemremains functional at every time, although having a (slightly, e.g. 2dB) worse PAPR during EWS events. If the capacity of the reserved tonesis not high enough for a single OFDM symbol, the EWS signaling data canbe spread across several OFDM symbols (related signaling can be embeddedin the L1 data).

Another aspect is that a mechanism based on reserved tones might allowfor an emergency event signaling even within a frame, e.g. if a suitablecorrelation pattern is modulated onto the reserved tones carriers. Thishas the advantage that for EWS detection the receivers do not need towait for the next preamble, i.e. the EWS processing delay can bereduced.

In another embodiment it is proposed that the EWS signaling datasubstitutes a less important PLP. This scenario foresees that the EWSsignaling completely replaces one (or more) selected PLP in case of anemergency event. Naturally, the original PLP disappears for the time ofan EWS event. However, the operator can select a less important serviceto be replaced in the seldom event of emergencies. This could be a PLPcarrying only audio, video text, shopping channel, service having a lownumber of users or other associated services. A large negative userexperience is therefore not expected, as the service is not consumed bymany customers. The definition of the PLP to be replaced can be embeddedin the L1 signaling. It is expected that the capacity of any service PLPexceeds by far the data rate requirement for the EWS signaling data.More robust ModCods as well as data repetitions can be applied toincrease the EWS signalling robustness as well as to adjust the finaldata rate.

In still another embodiment the EWS signaling data are part of signalingdata. While the above explained embodiments all propose to change theparts of payload symbols or payload PLPs, the following options includethe EWS signaling into the signaling part itself. From a functionalaspect this is preferred, but comes on the other hand with additionaloverhead or decoding complexity for the receiver.

Still further, in an embodiment an extra EWS signaling block isprovided. For this option, the EWS information is encoded and modulatedinto a dedicated, standalone EWS signaling block. The modulation andcoding is performed similar to the way done for the L1 signaling, i.e. apunctured LDPC with fixed length and code rate is used. The advantage ofthis solution is that a more robust ModCod can be used for the EWSsignaling (although high robustness is tougher to achieve for that shortcodewords, as robustness generally decreases with decreasing codewordsize).

Of course the EWS signaling block is only present in case ofemergencies, i.e. normally it comes without overhead. In an embodimentthe presence of the EWS signaling block in case of emergencies issignaled in the L1-dynamic signaling (e.g. as a 1 bit flag). Themodulation of the EWS signaling block is signaled in the L1-config part,which allows for different robustness levels as well as independent EWScoverage planning with respect to payload.

In a rather simple embodiment without additional complexity but fixedoverhead the required EWS signaling data capacity is allocated in the L1signaling (e.g. 256 bits). The advantage is that no dynamic handling isrequired which eases receiver implementation significantly.

Instead of a self-contained EWS signaling block as described above, theL1-dynamic signaling could also be extended only in case of emergenciesby the required amount of EWS signaling data Again, in regular operationwithout emergencies there is no overhead. However, this dynamic handlinghas also some drawbacks, as the L1-dynamic block length becomesflexible. A major impact is on scheduling since additional capacityneeds to be integrated dynamically on the short term; and the L1-prebecomes flexible since the L1-dynamic length must be signaled for everyframe.

In still another embodiment the OFDM carrier extension is used fortransmitting EWS signaling data. This option basically proposes toinsert the EWS signaling onto a limited number of additional OFDMsubcarriers (preferably exclusively on payload symbols, but not onsignaling or preamble symbol(s)) on a limited number of payload symbols(i.e. EWS information is inserted only on a few payload symbols perframe. Alternatively EWS signaling is repeated to have them on allpayload symbols per frame). Due to the very limited amount of necessarysubcarriers per payload symbol the spectrum characteristics and masksare de facto not or only marginally affected.

In the simplest version the carriers are added on the edges of theregular spectrum of the payload symbols. FIG. 32 shows the principle.The main advantages of this solution are that the subcarriers of thepayload symbols carrying the payload data can be decoded in the exactlysame way as before, i.e. no change in pilot and payload carrierallocation. Further, the transmitter IFFT easily allows embedding thefew additional subcarriers. Still further, only marginal changes arerequired in the receiver, i.e. the original decoding chain is almostunchanged and only a non-complex EWS decoder is required in addition.

The following examples illustrate possible configurations:

Example 1

A 32 k FFT is used per 6 MHz channel. i.e. the carrier spacing isapproximately 209 Hz, which results in a symbol duration ofapproximately 4.8 msec (=1/(carrier spacing)). In this example 256 bitsbasic EWS signaling data are modulated with QPSK code rate ½, i.e. 256subcarriers are required to carry this basic EWS signalling information.These 256 required subcarriers might be spread across 8 symbols, 16subcarriers on each spectrum edge. The resulting EWS signaling period istherefore 38.2 msec. The extension of the bandwidth is very marginal:6.7 kHz, i.e. only approximately 0.12% of the current channel bandwidth.

Example 2

32 k Tx FFT size per 6 MHz channel as in example 1, but now all 256 EWSbasic bits are added onto a single payload symbol. The requiredadditional bandwidth increases to 53.5 kHz, i.e. approximately 1% of thechannel bandwidth. The signaling period is in this example reduced to4.8 msec.

Example 3

8 k Tx FFT size instead of 32 k FFT size per 6 MHz channel. As 8 ksymbols have only ¼ symbol duration compared to 32 k symbols, the numberof payload symbols to spread the EWS information can be increased, inorder to achieve a similar bandwidth extension and a similar latency.

The channel estimation for the EWS carriers at the spectrum edges allowsfor a simple implementation, especially as the EWS signaling data isvery robustly modulated and encoded (e.g. QPSK CR ½). The channelestimation could therefore be based on the existing pilots of theregular payload symbol: The channel for the EWS carriers at the spectrumedges is estimated by extrapolation from the regular payload symbol andits pilots. Alternatively, the EWS signaling data is modulated withdifferential QPSK (DQPSK): From the edge pilot, every following EWScarrier can be estimated from the previous carrier. No dedicated channelestimation is required.

The drawback of the upper solution is the lacking frequency diversity ofthe EWS carriers, i.e. they might not be decodable if the few EWScarriers fall into a low SNR region within a fading channel.

Therefore, in another embodiment it is proposed that the EWS carriersare spread across the other subcarriers as depicted in FIG. 33. Theoverall number of subcarriers per OFDM symbol remains constant incomparison to the upper previous embodiment. Potentially the pilotstructure and location might need to be adapted to ensure proper channelestimation for all subcarriers. However, this is straightforward if theextension is carried out with a multiple of the pilot spacing.

One simple possibility for inserting EWS carriers in a distributed wayin the frequency domain is to use an extended frequency interleaver,which works during emergency events across the new extended number ofsubcarriers, while the regular frequency interleaver is used duringnormal operation. A schematic diagram of a transmitter 950 includingmeans for insertion of EWS signaling data with the help of an extendedfrequency interleaver is shown in FIG. 34. In addition to the elementsof the embodiment of the transmitter 900 as shown in FIG. 11. Itcomprises a time interleaver 952 and a frequency interleaver 954 in the“normal” processing chain and an EWS carrier insertion unit 956 and anextended frequency interleaver 958 for embedding of the EWS signalingdata onto additional frequency subcarriers.

In an embodiment the content of “basic EWS signaling data” is:

-   -   Emergency No.—up to 16 emergencies can be handled: 4 bits    -   Type—up to 256 different emergency types: 8 bits (Not just        earthquake)    -   Predefined messages (up to 64): 6 bits    -   Location (longitude and latitude): 32 bits    -   Reference ISDB-T EWS: 23 bits    -   Broadcast location (multiple areas are always affected): 64 bits        (Basically County Information (ISDB-T EWS: 56 bits). US        situation: The average number of counties per state is 62; the        state with the most counties is Texas (254); the state with        fewest is Delaware (3))    -   Time of disaster (or of information): 16 bits (Reference: 10        bits for ISDB-T EWS)    -   Link to other PLP(s) containing detailed info: 32 bits (4 links        per emergency?)    -   For each link, type of info (2 bits), PLP ID (4 bits): 8 bits    -   Check (parity check coding/CRC etc.): 32 bits    -   Total: max. 256 bits (cycle through each emergency number in        turn)

In the proposed ATSC3.0 frame structure, which will be explained in moredetail below, OFDM symbols in different physical layer frames may havedifferent subcarrier spacing. Frequency domain frame synchronization in(preamble detection) is thus not readily possible. The preamble symbol(as generated by the L1 signaling unit 15) must therefore be detected inthe time domain. It is only after the preamble is decoded and itssignaling payload interpreted that frequency domain processing of theframe can proceed. The new preamble fulfills all specific requirements:

-   -   Synchronization capabilities;    -   Offset correction capabilities;    -   Robustness of signaling;    -   Protection against interference.

The same preamble is used for all frame types. As shown in FIG. 14(showing the time domain characteristics of the preamble symbol) itconsists of a regular 8 k symbol with an extended guard interval GI(fractional length 57/128). This GI is chosen to map to the longestpossible guard interval for a 32 k EFT size, i.e. 57/512). ISI avoidancefor all frame types is therefore guaranteed.

For the standard bandwidth (i.e. 6 MHz), the preamble symbol allocates6912 subcarriers and contains 45 frequency offset estimation pilots atthe same locations as the continual pilots of a payload symbol. No otherpilots are foreseen. The 6867 payload carriers use BPSK modulation forL1 signaling.

The preamble symbol uses an overlaid time domain pilot signal (SigSeq).This requires good ACF (auto correlation function) properties that allowfor accurate frame synchronization and channel impulse response (CIR)estimation. The full-band Channel Transfer Function estimation at thereceiver is accordingly calculated from the CIR.

The SigSeq consists of one of two possible constant amplitude zeroautocorrelation (CAZAC) sequences in order to allow power efficient EWS.CAZAC sequences have been chosen due to their excellent correlationproperties in time and frequency domain as well as their band-limitedspectrum behavior. Due to the fixed size of the guard interval thesearch for preamble can be limited to Ng samples (i.e. the number ofsamples of the guard interval).

FIG. 16 illustrates the transmit side generation of the preamble. Thescrambling of the signaling bits in the scrambler 101 ensures that thePAPR of the preamble symbol will not be excessive due to many similarlymodulated OFDM subcarriers. The scrambled signaling bits are then FECcoded with a 4K LDPC code at a low code rate (¼ or ⅕) prior to mappingto a low order constellation ((D)BPSK or (D)QPSK) in a FEC and BPSK unit102. Afterwards, the SigSeq sequence generated in a SigSeq generator 103is added in a combiner (e.g. an adder) 104. Different amplitude ratioscan be applied: Each sample is scaled by a term G in a first scalingunit 105 and the corresponding input sample is scaled by (1−G) in asecond scaling unit 106 so that the power of the composite preamblesymbol should remain the same. P=(1−G)/G=8 dB is proposed as bestpossible value.

The IFFT unit 107 follows pilot insertion in a pilot inserter 108. Thepilots inserted at this stage are not for channel estimation. This isthen followed by the insertion of the guard interval by a guard intervalinserter 109 which is a cyclic prefix of the preamble OFDM symbol. Afterguard interval insertion, a normal OFDM time domain symbol of durationTs=Tu+Tg made up of Ns=Nu+Ng complex samples has been made up, where Tuis the useful symbol period with Nu samples and Tg is the guard intervalduration with Ng samples.

One example of the signature sequence generator 103 shown in FIG. 16 isshown in more detail in FIG. 36. FIG. 36 is arranged to generate acomplex signature sequence which is added to the complex samples of thesignaling OFDM symbol by the combiner 104 shown in FIG. 16.

In FIG. 36 two linear feedback shift registers are used in each case togenerate a pair of pseudo random bit sequences for the in-phase 300.1and 300.2 and quadrature 302.1 and 302.2 components. In each case, thepseudo-random bit sequence pair is combined using exclusive-OR circuits310, 312 to produce the Gold sequences for the in-phase (300.1 and300.2) and quadrature (302.1 and 302.2) part of the signature sequence,respectively. A binary to bipolar mapper unit 314, 316 then formsrespectively a sample for the in-phase 318 and quadrature (imaginary)320 components of the signature sequence. Effectively, the arrangementshown in FIG. 36 generates Gold codes formed by XORing two m-sequences.The m-sequences are generated by the linear feedback shift registers300, 302. The table below shows the generator polynomials for the linearfeedback shift registers according to the example shown in FIG. 36:

Sequence Name Generator polynomial R_seq1 x¹³ + x¹¹ + x + 1 R_seq2 x¹³ +x⁹ + x⁵ + 1 I_seq1 x¹³ + x¹⁰ + x⁵ + 1 I_seq2 x¹³ + x¹¹ + x¹⁰ + 1

As shown in FIG. 16, the scaler 105 multiplies the signature sequence bya factor G and the scaler 106 multiplies the signaling OFDM symbol by afactor 1−G. As such, if the time domain signaling OFDM symbol signal isc(n) while the signature sequence signal is f(n), then the compositetransmitted preamble symbol s(n) is given by s(n)=(1−G)c(n)+Gf (n) whereG is the scaling applied to the signature sequence. The signature signaleffectively adds distortion to the signaling OFDM symbol therebyincreasing the bit error rate of the signaling OFDM symbol at thereceiver. Furthermore, with a normalised power of 1, the compositesymbol in effect distributes power between the signature signal and thesignaling OFDM symbol signal. With a high value for G, the signaturesignal has more power and so frame synchronization (detection of thepreamble) at the receiver should be achieved at a lower signal to noiseratio. However, reducing the power of the signaling OFDM symbol (inorder to increase the power of the signature signal) also means thaterror-free decoding of the signaling information itself becomes moredifficult at the receiver as the signal-to-noise of the signaling OFDMsymbol has fallen. Therefore, an optimum value for G has to be acompromise between these conflicting aims. It can further be definedP=(1−G)/G which is proportional to the power ratio between the signalingOFDM symbol and the signature signal. An appropriate value for G can beset by experimenting with this power ratio P.

At first detection, the signaling or preamble OFDM symbol may have to bedecoded in the presence of any tuning frequency offsets introduced bytuner 52. This means that either the signaling data should be modulatedonto the preamble OFDM symbol in a manner that reduces the effects ofany frequency offsets or resources are inserted into the preamble symbolto allow the frequency offset to be estimated and then removed prior topreamble decoding. In one example the transmission frame may onlyinclude one preamble OFDM symbol per frame so the first option isdifficult to achieve. For the second option, additional resources can bein the form of frequency domain pilot subcarriers, which are insertedinto the OFDM so that these can be used to estimate the frequency offsetand common phase error. The frequency offsets are then removed beforethe symbol is equalized and decoded. In a similar vein to the insertionof pilots into the data payload bearing OFDM symbols, embodiments of thepresent technique can be arranged to provide within the signaling(preamble) OFDM symbol pilot subcarriers, which can allow for theestimation of frequency offsets that are larger than the preamblesubcarrier when multipath propagation may result in regular nulls of thepilots across the full preamble OFDM symbol. Accordingly, 180 pilotsubcarriers can be provided across the 8K symbol with the positionsdefined a priori. The sub-EFT bin frequency offset is estimated via thedetection of the preamble OFDM symbol itself. Accordingly embodiments ofthe present technique can provide a preamble OFDM symbol in which thenumber of subcarriers carrying pilot symbols is less than the numberwhich would be required to estimate a channel impulse response throughwhich the preamble OFDM symbol is transmitted, but sufficient toestimate a coarse frequency offset of the transmitted OFDM symbol.

As explained above the preamble is formed by combining an OFDM symbolcarrying signaling data with a signature sequence. In order to decodethe signaling data, the receiver has to first detect and capturepreamble OFDM symbol. In one example the signature sequence may bedetected using a matched filter which has impulse response which ismatched to the conjugate of the complex samples of the known signaturesequence. However any frequency offset in the received signal has aneffect of modulating the output of the matched filter and preventingaccurate detection of the signature sequence using a match filter. Anexample receiver for detecting the preamble and recovering the signalinginformation provided by the preamble in the presence of a frequencyoffset is shown in FIG. 37a . In FIG. 37a , a signal received from anantenna is converted to a baseband signal, using a conventionalarrangement and fed from an input 420 respectively to a complex numbermultiplier 422 and a frequency synchronizer 424. The frequencysynchronizer 424 serves to detect the frequency offset in the receivedsignal r(x) and feed a measure of the offset in respect of a number ofsubcarriers to an oscillator 426. The oscillator 426 generates a complexfrequency signal which is fed to a second input of the multiplier 422which serves to introduce a reverse of the offset into the receivedsignal r(x). Thus the multiplier 422 multiplies the received signal r(x)with the output from the oscillator 426 thereby compensating orsubstantially reversing the frequency offset in the received signal sothat a preamble detection and decoding unit 430 can detect the preambleOFDM symbol and recover the signaling data conveyed by the preamblewhich is output on output channel 432.

FIG. 37b provides an example implementation of the frequencysynchronizer 424 which forms part of the receiver shown in FIG. 37a . InFIG. 37b the received signal is fed from the input 420 to a preambleguard interval correlator 432 which generates at a first output 434 asignal providing an indication of the start of the useful part of theOFDM symbol samples Nu. A second output 436 feeds the samples of theOFDM symbol to a Fourier transform processor 438, but delayed by thenumber of samples in the useful part Nu. The first output 434 from thepreamble guard interval correlator 432 detects the location of the guardinterval and serves to provide a trigger signal from a thresholddetector 440 to the FFT 438 through a channel 442 which triggers the FFT438 to convert the time domain samples of the useful part of the OFDMsymbol Nu into the frequency domain. The output of the Fourier transformprocessor 438 is fed to a continuous pilot (CP) matched filter unit 444,which correlates the pilot signals in the received OFDM symbol withrespect to replicas at the receiver which are used to set an impulseresponse of the CP matched filter in the frequency domain. The matchedfilter 444 therefore correlates the regenerated pilots with the receivedOFDM symbol and feeds a result of the correlation to an input to adetection threshold unit 446. The detection threshold unit 446 detectsan offset in the received signal in terms of the number of FFT bins onchannel 448 which effectively provides the frequency offset which is fedto the oscillator 426 for correcting the offset in the received signal.

FIG. 37c provides an example of implementation of the preamble guardinterval correlator 432 and corresponds to a conventional arrangementfor detecting the guard interval. Detection is performed by crosscorrelating the samples of the received OFDM symbol with themselvesafter a delay of Nu samples with the cross correlation outputsaccumulated over consecutive Ng sample intervals. Thus the receivedsignal is fed from an input 420 to a multiplier 450 and a delay unit 452which feeds an output to a complex conjugator 454 for multiplying by themultiplier 450 with the received signal. A delay unit 456 delays thesamples by the number of samples Ng in the guard interval and a singledelay unit 458 delays an output of an adder 460. The adder 460 receivesfrom the multiplier 450 the results of multiplying the received signalwith a conjugate of the delayed samples corresponding to the usefulsamples Nu which is then fed to the adder 460. Together adder 460, delayblocks 456 and 458 implement a moving average filter of order Ng whoseeffect is to accumulate successive output of the cross-correlator overNg samples. Thus at a point 434 there is provided an indication of thedetection of the useful part of the OFDM symbol by detecting the guardinterval period. The output 436 provides the delayed received signalsamples which are fed to the FFT in order to trigger the Fouriertransform after the guard interval has been detected by the first output434.

FIG. 37d provides another example of implementation of the frequencysynchronizer 424 and corresponds to a first detection of the preamblesymbol by use of a signature sequence matched filter 462. Firstlyhowever, the differential encoder block 461 is used to alter thereceived signal so as to reduce the modulation of the matched filteroutput by any frequency offset present in the received signal. Thedifferential encoder 461 is applied both to the received signal and thetime domain signature sequence which is generated by inverse Fouriertransform 506 of the output of the frequency domain signature sequencegenerator 504. The signature sequence matched filter 462 to be describedlater in FIG. 40a is a finite impulse response filter whose taps are setto the coefficients of the time domain signature sequence.

The circuit shown in FIG. 37d therefore forms an example of thefrequency synchronizer 424 in which the signature sequence generator 504re-generates the signature sequence, the inverse Fourier transformer 506transforms the signature sequence into the time domain, and thedifferential encoder 461 compares differentially successive samples ofthe received signal to reduce a modulating effect of the frequencyoffset in the radio signal, and correspondingly compares differentiallysuccessive samples of the time domain version of the signature sequence.As already explained the matched filter 462 has an impulse responsecorresponding to the differentially encoded signature sequence andreceives the received signal from the differential encoder 461 andfilters the differentially encoded received signal to generate at anoutput an estimate of the coarse frequency offset.

Corresponding to output channel 434 in FIG. 37b , output channel 463 inFIG. 37d produces a signal which is fed to the threshold block 440 togenerate a trigger for the FFT 438; whilst output channel 436 in FIG.37b corresponds to output channel 464 in FIG. 37d . This channel conveysthe preamble OFDM symbol samples to the FFT block 438 which at the rightmoment is triggered by through channel 442 by the threshold block 440.FIG. 37e provides an example of the differential encoding block 461. Thereceived samples r(n) enter a unit delay element 465 and also aconjugation block 466. The delay element 465 delays each sample for onesample period while the conjugation element 466 changes each inputsample to its conjugate at its output whose effect is to convert aninput [r_(i)(n)+jr_(q)(n)] into an output [r_(i)(n)−jr_(q)(n)]. Thisconjugated sample is then subtracted from the output of delay element465 by the adder 467. For an input signal [r_(i)(n)+jr_(q)(n)] andoutput [y_(i)(n)+jy_(q)(n)] n=0,1,2 . . . , the differential encoder 461acts to implement the equation:[y _(i)(n)+jy _(q)(n)]=[r _(i)(n−1)−r _(i)(n)]+j[r _(q)(n−1)+r _(q)(n)]

Accordingly before preamble detection and decoding is performed by thepreamble detection decoding unit 430 the frequency offset in thereceived signal is estimated and corrected by the arrangements shown inFIGS. 37a and 37b and 37c , or 37 d and 37 e.

As explained above for the example of the receiver shown in FIG. 37a , apreamble detector and decoder 430 is configured to detect the preamblesymbol and to recover the signaling data from the preamble symbol. Tothis end, the preamble detector and decoder 430 detects the preamble bydetecting the signature sequence and then removes the signature sequencebefore recovering the signaling data from the preamble. Exampleembodiments of the preamble detector and decoder 430 are illustrated inFIGS. 17, 38 and 39.

Embodiments of the present technique can provide a receiver whichdetects the signature sequence and removes the signature sequence in thefrequency domain or in the time domain. FIG. 17 provides a first examplein which the signature sequence is removed in the frequency domain.Referring to the example receiver shown in FIG. 17, the received baseband signal is fed from a receive channel 428 to a matched filter 502and a demodulator 550. The match filter 502 receives the signaturesequence in the time domain after a signature sequence generator 504,which is the same as the signature sequence generator 103 at thetransmitter, re-generates a copy of the signature sequence. The matchedfilter 502 is configured to have an impulse response which is matched tothe time domain signature sequence. As such, it correlates the timedomain signature sequence with the received signal fed from the receivechannel 428 and the correlation output result can be used to detect thepresence of the preamble OFDM symbol when an output of the correlationprocess exceeds a predetermined threshold. Furthermore, as a result ofthe presence of the signature sequence in the preamble OFDM symbol, animpulse response of the channel through which the received signal haspassed can also be estimated from the correlation output of the matchedfilter by a channel impulse response estimator 508. The receiver cantherefore include an arrangement for estimating the channel impulseresponse using the signature sequence without recourse to thetraditional scattered pilots.

Having detected the presence of the signature sequence and estimated thechannel impulse response, the effect of the channel impulse response canbe removed from the received signal within the demodulator 550.Accordingly a Fast Fourier Transformer 518 transforms the channelimpulse response estimate into the frequency domain channel transferfunction and feeds the channel transfer function to an equalizer 516within the demodulator 550.

In the receiver shown in FIG. 17 the demodulator 550 is arranged torecover the signaling data in a base band form encoded with an errorcorrection code. The demodulator 550 therefore recovers the signalingdata from the signaling (preamble) OFDM symbol, which is then decodedusing a forward error correction decoder 520 before being descrambled bya descrambling unit 522 which corresponds to the scrambling unit 101shown in FIG. 16 but performs a reverse of the scrambling.

The demodulator 550 includes a guard interval remover 512, which removesthe guard interval from the signaling OFDM symbols, and an FFT unit 514,which converts the time domain samples into the frequency domain. Theequalizer 516 removes the effects of the channel impulse response, whichhas been converted into the frequency domain to form a channel transferfunction by the FFT unit 518 as already explained above. In thefrequency domain the equalizer 516 divides each signaling data carryingOFDM subcarrier by its corresponding channel transfer coefficient toremove, as far as possible, the effect of the transmission channel fromthe modulation symbols.

A signature sequence remover is formed by an adder unit 519 whichreceives the signature sequence in the frequency domain generated by thesignature sequence generator 504 after this has been scaled by thescaling factor G, as explained above by a scaling unit 521. Thus thesignature sequence remover 519 receives at a first input the equalizedpreamble OFDM symbol and on a second input a scaled signature sequencein the frequency domain and subtracts one from the other to form at theoutput estimates of the modulation symbols which were carried by thedata bearing subcarriers of the preamble OFDM symbol.

The modulation symbols representing the error correction encodedpreamble signaling data are then demodulated and error correctiondecoded by the demodulator and FEC decoder 520 to form at an output thescrambled bits of the L1 signaling data which are then descrambled bythe descrambling unit 522 to form as an output 524 the L1 signaling databits.

A further example of the preamble detector and decoder 430 whichoperates in the time domain to remove the signature sequence is shown inFIGS. 38 and 39. FIG. 38 provides an example of the preamble detectorand decoder 430 which corresponds to the example shown in FIG. 17 and soonly differences with respect to the operation of the example shown inFIG. 38 will be explained. In FIG. 38 as with the example in FIG. 17 thebaseband received signal is fed to a signature sequence matched filter502 and to a demodulator 550. As with the example shown in FIG. 17, thesignature sequence matched filter cross-correlates the received signalwith an impulse response which is matched to the time domain signaturesequence. The signature sequence is received in the time domain form byregenerating the signature sequence in the frequency domain using thesignature sequence generator 504 and transforming the signature sequenceinto the time domain using an inverse Fourier transform processor 506.As with the example shown in FIG. 17 a channel impulse responseestimator 508 detects the channel impulse response from the output ofthe signature sequence matched filter 502 and forms this into thefrequency domain channel transfer function using an FFT unit 518 to feedthe frequency domain channel estimate to an equalizer 516 within thedemodulator 550.

So far the operation of the example shown in FIG. 38 corresponds to thatshown in FIG. 17. As shown in FIG. 38 the demodulator 550 includes thesignature sequence remover 559 at before the guard remover 512. The timedomain signature sequence which is fed from the inverse Fouriertransform unit 560 is scaled by the scaling unit 521 by thepredetermined factor G. The scaled time domain signature sequence isthen fed to the signature sequence remover 559 which removes thesignature sequence in the time domain from the received baseband signal.Thereafter the guard remover 512, the FFT unit 514 and the equalizer 516operate in a corresponding way to the elements shown in FIG. 17.

The signature sequence remover 559 shown in FIG. 38 is shown in moredetail in FIG. 39. In FIG. 39 the signature sequence remover 559comprises a guard interval inserter 561, a combiner unit 560 and an FIRfilter 562. The time domain baseband received signal is received on theinput channel 428 at one input of the combiner unit 560. A second input564 receives the scaled time domain version of the signature sequence,which is fed to the guard interval inserter 561 which prepends a cyclicprefix to the signature sequence in much the same way as the guardinterval inserter 561 42 at the transmitter. The output of the guardinterval inserter feeds the FIR filter 562 which receives on a secondinput 566 the estimate of the channel impulse response generated thechannel impulse response extraction block 508. 502. The FIR filter 562therefore convolves the channel impulse response estimate with thesignature sequence in the time domain which is then subtracted by thecombiner 560 from the received baseband signal to remove the effect ofthe signature sequence from the received signal. FIG. 40b shows a moredetailed example implementation of this signature sequence removal andhow the FIR filter 562 is configured.

As will be appreciated the operation of the demodulator and FEC decoder520 and the scrambler 522 perform the same functions as explain withreference to FIG. 17.

Thus, on the receiver side, frame synchronization (preamble symboldetection) is done in a first step. The Matched Filter is configured forthe time-domain version of the CAZAC signature sequence (T-SigSeq)detection and allows deriving the CIR from the Matched Filter output.For removing the SigSeq from the preamble there are two possible ways:

-   -   Time domain removal: Use CIR to synthesize the effect of the        T-SigSeq transiting the channel for removal in the time domain;    -   Frequency domain removal: Remove F-SigSeq after equalization in        the frequency domain.

As indicated above the matched filter 502 generates an output signalwhich represents a correlation of the received signal with the signaturesequence. A block diagram showing an example of the signature sequencematched filter 502 is shown in FIG. 40a . It shows a sequence of Nsdelay elements 600 connected to scaling units 602 which scale each ofthe samples of the data stored in the delay storing unit 600 by acorresponding component of the signature sequence P(n) but conjugated.The output from each of the scaling units 602 is then fed to an addingunit 604 which forms an output signal representing a correlation of thereceived signal samples r(n) with the signature sequence at an output606. The matched filter implements the equation:0(i)=Σ_(n−0) ^(N) ^(s) ⁻¹ P*(n)r(n+i) for i=−Ns+1, −Ns+2 . . . , 0,1,2,. . . Ns−1

When the filter taps P(i) are of form (±1±j 1), the multiplier at eachtap could simply be done by adding and subtract circuits for each of thein-phase and quadrature components. When the signature sequence is aCAZAC sequence, the quadrature components of P(i) are not bipolar. Thescaling units 602 can use the sign of each quadrature component insteadso as to have the form (±1±j 1).

In order to equalize the preamble in the frequency domain, the CIRretrieved from the SigSeq matched filter is converted into the ChannelTransfer Response (CTF) by EFT processing. As explained above, FIG. 17shows an example implementation of the receiver processing, inparticular the generation of the preamble symbol (Frequency domainapproach). The L1 blocks contain all Layer 1 signaling to decode thepayload data. These L1 blocks are cyclically repeated every 5.71 MHz.Thus, if the CM's tuner position does not match to the L1 blockstructure, the CM is still able to obtain the data by sorting the dataof two blocks. FIG. 18 shows the principle, i.e. the retrieving of theL1 block on CM side from an arbitrary tuning position.

As a result, the complete signaling inside the L1 block is available inany tuning position as long as the tuner bandwidth is 5.71 MHz or more.The preamble symbol is additionally scrambled in the frequency directionto avoid any negative impact of the cyclically repeated L1 blocks. Thescrambling of the L1 blocks result in a unique preamble footprint acrossthe whole HFC frequency range, which is called ‘Absolute OFDM’ andallows a frequency specific recognition of any ATSC3.0 signal. Althoughthe preamble signal is virtually defined for all frequencies, thepreamble as well as the L1 blocks are generally only transmitted wherean actual ATSC3.0 signal is transmitted, too.

The superimposed SigSeq sequence is aligned to the L1 blocks, i.e. theCAZAC sequence modulated onto the subcarriers repeats with every 5.71MHz. This feature allows supporting any bandwidth exceeding the minimumbandwidth of 5.71 MHz (see also FIG. 17).

Having formed an estimate of the channel impulse response, a componentof the received signal corresponding to that contributed by thesignature sequence in the received signal can be generated by passingthe received signal r(i) through the signature sequence remover 559,which is configured with filter taps hn to reflect the delay andamplitude profile of the channel impulse response. This can beaccomplished by suitable scaling, shifting and adding of the signaturesequence of length Ns=Nu+Ng of the preamble symbol. An example of thefilter is shown in FIG. 40 b.

As shown in FIG. 40b , the signature sequence remover 559 includes afinite impulse response (FIR) filter 562 made up of a delay linecomprised of Ns−1 delay elements 652.1, 652.2, to 652.Ns−1. The outputof these delay elements are connected to corresponding gain terms 651.1,651.2, to 651. Ns−1 each of which gain stages feed their output to theadder 653. The input 654 of the filter is connected both to the input ofdelay element 652.1 and to the input of gain term 651.0. The output 656of the FIR filter 650 is connected to the input of an adder 560 whoseother input 657 receives the received preamble signal samples r(i).During operation, the gain stages of the FIR filter are set to thenegative values of the samples of the channel impulse response derivedby the channel impulse response estimator 506. The FIR 650 generates atan output 656 a signal representing the convolution of the signaturesequence by the channel impulse response estimate, which effectivelyprovides an estimate of the effect of the channel on the signaturesequence imposed upon the signaling OFDM symbol. An adder 560 thensubtracts the output signal of the FIR 656 from the received signal froman input 657 to remove the effect of the signature sequence from thereceived signal to form an output 660. Therefore a result (of thesignature sequence transiting the channel described by the channelimpulse response) is subtracted from the received signal by thesignature sequence remover 510 with a delay matched to the point fromwhich the first significant impulse (of the output of the matchedfilter) occurred. This process can be iterated in that the matchedfilter 502 can be re-run with the results of the subtraction, thechannel impulse response re-estimated by the channel impulse responseestimator 508 and the its effect on the signature sequence beingextracted again by the signature sequence remover 559. As a result, amore accurate estimate of the effect of the signature sequence on thereceived signal can be estimated and subtracted from the received signalChannel impulse responses from all iterations can then be summed andnormalized to provide an improved estimate of the channel impulseresponse from which the channel transfer function (CTF) is derived forpreamble symbol equalization.

FIG. 41 provides a more detailed schematic block diagram of the preamblepilot matched filter 444 used for detecting a coarse frequency offset inthe received signaling OFDM symbol, which may form part of the frequencysynchronizer 424 of FIG. 37a . As explained above, the number of pilotsintroduced into the signaling OFDM symbol is less than the number whichwould be required in order to estimate the channel. The number of pilotsymbols is therefore set to estimate a coarse frequency offset. Theblock diagram shown in FIG. 41 provides an example representation of thecoarse frequency remover 513 and is shown with three versions of thereceived preamble signal 701.

As shown in FIG. 41 a sequence of delay elements 700 are used to feed indiscrete samples of the signal which are then multiplied by multipliers702 with the known pilot signal values P(n) and summed by a summing unit704 to form a correlation output 706. A pulse detector or peak detector708 is the same one shown as 446 in FIG. 37b which then generates anoutput signal on channel 710 showing a peak when there is a coincidencebetween a relative offset of the received signal with the company of thepilot signals at the receiver. Shaded circles of each received signal701 show sub-carrier cells that represent preamble pilots whilst theun-shaded cells show non-pilot sub-carrier cells. All sub-carrier cellsare shifted into the transversal filter from right to left. Theparameter MaxOff is a design parameter that represents the maximum valueof the frequency offset in units of sub-carrier spacing Q that thedesigner may expect. The output of the pulse detector is only validbetween shifts (0.5(Na+Nu)−MaxOff) and (0.5(Na+Nu)+MaxOff) where Na isthe number of sub-carriers (out of a total of Nu) used in the preambleOFDM symbol. If the shifts are numbered from −MaxOff to +MaxOff then thepulse detector output will go high for the shift that corresponds to theobserved frequency offset.

Once Ω is detected, this coarse frequency is removed by shifting thesubcarriers by −Ω i.e. in the opposite direction to the frequencyoffset. This can also be removed prior to FFT in common with the finefrequency offset estimated from the preamble detection matched filter orguard interval correlation 432 by modulation with a suitably phasedsinusoid generated by the oscillator 426 in FIG. 37a . The two frequencyoffsets can be used to start off the carrier correction loop for therest of the OFDM symbols in the frame.

After signature sequence removal from the received samples and thecoarse frequency offset has been adjusted, OFDM equalization can beginwith the FFT of the received sequence. The FFT window starts from atrigger position in the FFT unit 514 corresponding to the relative delayof the first impulse in the channel impulse response estimate. If thechannel impulse response estimate duration is longer than the preambleGID, then the trigger position is altered to ensure that it starts atthe beginning of a Ng (Ng is the number of time domain samples in theguard interval of the preamble symbol) long window under which themaximum of the energy of the channel impulse response estimate falls.The Nu point FFT produces the preamble OFDM symbol in the frequencydomain with the effect of the channel superposed. Before equalizationand decoding, any frequency offsets have to be calculated and removed bythe frequency offset remover as explained above with reference to FIGS.37a, 37b, 37c . This estimation uses correlation with the known preamblepilots to determine how far to the right or left the full symbol isshifted in frequency. Equalization of the preamble OFDM symbol requiresa channel transfer function (CTF). This is derived by executing a Nupoint FFT on the channel impulse response estimate by the FFT unit 518.This provides a channel transfer function for all subcarriers in thepreamble OFDM symbol allowing subcarrier by subcarrier one-tapequalization to take place Finally, the equalized data subcarriers areextracted (pilot subcarriers discarded) and de-mapped, forward errorcorrection (FEC) decoded to provide the signaling.

The proposed framing concept as used by the frame builder 18 will now bedescribed. The proposed framing concept allows mixing different frametypes in a time multiplexed way. This enables to embed within a singleRF channel stationary TV frames as well as frames for mobile TV.Furthermore, a container is foreseen to integrate future frame types,which is called FEF (Future Extension Frame) as in DVB-T2. The basicprinciple is shown in FIG. 19 showing the framing concept, allowing themixing of different frame types.

One principal requirement for fixed reception frames is spectralefficiency which may be assured by use of such features as:

-   -   High order modulation e.g. 256QAM;    -   High code rates (>½) because of relative benign channel        conditions;    -   High FFT size such as 32K—this reduces the capacity loss due to        the guard interval fraction;    -   Low density scattered pilot patterns.

The high FFT size, for example, makes such frames unsuitable for mobilereception because of Doppler. On the other hand, the main requirementfor mobile reception frames could be robustness in order to ensure ahigh rate of service availability. This can be assured by adopting suchfeatures as:

-   -   Low order modulation e.g. QPSK;    -   Low code rates (<=½);    -   Low FFT size (<=8K);    -   High density scattered pilot pattern.    -   The low FFT size means a wider subcarrier spacing and so more        resilience to Doppler. The high density pilot pattern eases        channel estimation in the presence of fast channel variation.

Every frame comprises a preamble symbol and a number of followingpayload symbols. In order to increase the spectral efficiency shortframes should be avoided. The minimum length of a frame should thereforenot be below four times the scattered pilot repetition rate in timedirection (i.e. 4*Dy). On the other hand, the frame size should not betoo long to provide a reasonable low zapping time and fast EWSdetection. For example, 100 msec could be a reasonable upper bound for asingle frame. Of course it is possible to use a single frame type (e.g.stationary or mobile). In that case frames of the same type areconcatenated; examples are shown in FIG. 20 showing system transmissionexamples consisting of single frame types.

The proposed system furthermore supports different channel bandwidths asa multiple of a basic standard bandwidth (e.g. 6 MHz). FIG. 21 showsbroadband transmissions beyond 6 MHz. Data rates required for upcomingadvanced services like 4 k2 k services (or even 8 k2 k services) whichwould so far not fit into a single RF channel can be accommodated.Furthermore an improved statistical multiplexing within a broaderchannel bandwidth is expected, especially with increasing bit rates perservice. The flexible channel bandwidth becomes possible due to thespecial characteristics of the preamble located at the beginning of eachframe (as explained above).

In each frame the preamble symbol is followed by a number of payloadsymbols. Every payload symbol contains a mix of payload cells and pilots(scattered and continual) at locations as described below. The onlyexceptions are the frame starting and frame closing symbols as alsodescribed in the following.

In order to allow proper channel estimation that is independent from thepreamble symbol, the first and last symbols (frame starting and frameclosing symbols) in a frame will contain extra pilots with a density ofDx. FIG. 22 shows the pilot allocation for different values of Dx forSISO (Single Input Single Output).

The pilot pattern as inserted by the pilot insertion unit 19 will now beexplained. First, a scattered pilot pattern is described. Scatteredpilots are inserted into the signal at regular intervals in both timeand frequency directions. The following table summarizes the proposedpilot patterns for SISO. Dx denotes the scattered pilot-bearing carrierspacing, Dy denotes the pattern repetition rate in time direction (i.e.number of OFDM symbols). Furthermore, a capacity loss number due to thescattered pilot overhead is provided.

Label Dx Dy Dx · Dy Capacity Loss P4,4 4 4 16 6.25% P8,2 8 2 16 6.25%P16,2 16 2 32  3.1% P32,2 32 2 64  1.6%

Compared to DVB-T2, the number of required pilot patterns is reducedfrom 8 to 4. The patterns are designed to optimize the 6 MHz bandwidthdefault case, an extension to other bandwidths is however applicable. Asmall value for Dy is chosen to reduce memory size and for better mobileperformance. Furthermore this selection reduces latency. The options formapping the different scattered pilot patterns to different guardinterval lengths and FFT sizes are given in the following tableindicating the scattered pilot pattern to be used for each allowedcombination of FFT size and guard interval in SISO mode.

FFT Guard Interval Fraction size 3/512 6/512 12/512 24/512 48/512 57/51296/512  8K P32,2 P16,2 P8,2 P4,2 P4,2 P4,2 P4,2 16K P32,2 P16,2 P4,4P4,4 P4,4 P4,4 32K P32,2 P8,2 P8,2 P8,2 P16,2

Next, a continual pilot pattern is described. New continual pilotpatterns are proposed for this system. Following key considerations aretaken into account:

-   -   Fully utilized whilst minimizing channel capacity loss;    -   Reasonable randomization whilst providing a good and uniform        coverage of the full band;    -   Consistent performance and utilization across all FFT sizes;    -   Reducing receiver overheads (memory requirements) as much as        possible;    -   CP Pilot Patterns are designed in a way that it is only        necessary to store one single set of numbers.

The following table summarizes the continual pilot patterns.

Bandwidth Position of FFT Extension CP Bearing Number CapacityUtilization Size Mode Carriers of CPs Loss (%) Ratio (%)  8K Normal Seenext table below 44 0.65 100 Extended {One single set for 45 all 5scattered pilot patterns} 16K Normal See 3 88 Extended {One single setfor 90 all 5 scattered pilot patterns} 32K Normal See 3 176 Extended{One single set for 180 all 5 scattered pilot patterns}

The following table summarizes the locations of the CPs for normal andextended mode for 8 k, 16 k and 32 k FFT sizes (per 6 MHz).

FFT size (Number of Bandwidth Continual Extended Pilots) Mode ContinualPilot Carrier Indices 8K (44) Off Set (A) = {41, 173, 357, 505, 645,805, 941, 1098, 1225, 1397, 1514, 1669, 1822, 1961, 2119, 2245, 2423,2587, 2709, 2861, 3026, 3189, 3318, 3510, 3683, 3861, 4045, 4163, 4297,4457, 4598, 4769, 4942, 5113, 5289, 5413, 5585, 5755, 5873, 6045, 6207,6379, 6525, 6675} 8K (45) On Set (A) + {6862} 16K (88)  Off Set (B) ={82, 243, 346, 517, 714, 861, 1010, 1157, 1290, 1429, 1610, 1753, 1881,2061, 2197, 2301, 2450, 2647, 2794, 2899, 3027, 3159, 3338, 3497, 3645,3793, 3923, 4059, 4239, 4409, 4490, 4647, 4847, 5013, 5175, 5277, 5419,5577, 5723, 5895, 6051, 6222, 6378, 6497, 6637, 6818, 7021, 7201, 7366,7525, 7721, 7395, 8090, 8199, 8325, 8449, 8593, 8743, 8915, 9055, 9197,9367, 9539, 9723, 9885, 10058, 10226, 10391, 10578, 10703, 10825, 10959,11169, 11326, 11510, 11629, 11747, 11941, 12089, 12243, 12414, 12598,12753, 12881, 13050, 13195, 13349, 13517} 16K (90)  On Set (B) + {13725,13821} 32K (176) Off Set (C) = {163, 290, 486, 605, 691, 858, 1033,1187, 1427, 1582, 1721, 1881, 2019, 2217, 2314, 2425, 2579, 2709, 2857,3009, 3219, 3399, 3506, 3621, 3702, 3997, 4122, 4257, 4393, 4539, 4601,4766, 4899, 5095, 5293, 5378, 5587, 5693, 5797, 5937, 6054, 6139, 6317,6501, 6675, 6807, 6994, 7163, 7289, 7467, 7586, 7689, 7845, 8011, 8117,8337, 8477, 8665, 8817, 8893, 8979, 9177, 9293, 9539, 9693, 9885, 10028,10151, 10349, 10471, 10553, 10646, 10837, 10977, 11153, 11325, 11445,11605, 11789, 11939, 12102, 12253, 12443, 12557, 12755, 12866, 12993,13150, 13273, 13445, 13635, 13846, 14041, 14225, 14402, 14571, 14731,14917, 15050, 15209, 15442, 15622, 15790, 15953, 16179, 16239, 16397,16533, 16650, 16750 16897, 17045, 17186, 17351, 17485, 17637, 17829,17939, 18109, 18246, 18393, 18566, 18733, 18901, 19077, 19253, 19445,19589, 19769, 19989, 20115, 20275, 20451, 20675, 20781, 20989, 21155,21279, 21405, 21537, 21650, 21789, 21917, 22133, 22336, 22489, 22651,22823, 23019, 23205, 23258, 23361, 23493, 23685, 23881, 24007, 24178,24317, 24486, 24689, 24827, 25061, 25195, 25331, 25515, 25649, 25761,25894, 26099, 26246 26390, 26589, 26698, 26910. 27033, 27241} 32K (180)On Set (C) + {27449, 27511, 27642, 27801}

Next, pilot boosting values will be described. Pilots are boosted toensure a good balance between reduced power loss of the payload as wellas reduced effective performance loss when using channel estimation withrespect to perfect channel knowledge. Furthermore it takes into accounta reduction of inter carrier leakage. The following table summarizes theproposed boosting values scattered and continual pilots.

Boosting SP Boosting Scattered Values of Equivalent Value of Guard PilotScattered Boost Continual FFT Channel QAM Interval Pattern Pilot ValuePilot Sizes Bandwidth Range Fractions Range Patterns (dB) Patterns  8K,6 MHz QPSK, 3/512, P4,4 8/5 4.1 12/5 16K, 16QAM, 6/512, [Dx = 4, Dy = 4][7.6 dB] 32K 64QAM, 12/512, P8,2 8/5 4.1 256QAM, 24/512, [Dx = 8, Dy =2] 1024QAM 48/512, P16,2 13/7  5.4 57/512, [Dx = 16, Dy = 2] 96/512P32,2 2.0 6.0 [Dx = 32, Dy = 2]

Next, the interleavers will be described. The frequency interleavers 20for 8 k, 16 k and 32 k FFT size are reused from DVB-T2 or DVB-NGH. Theproposed time interleaver 21 operates at PLP level. The parameters ofthe time interleaving may be different for different PLPs within thesystem.

The FEC blocks for each PLP are grouped into Interleaving Frames. EachInterleaving Frame contains a dynamically variable whole number of FECblocks plus some padding, which is described below. It is possible thatthe length of an Interleaving Frame is unknown at its start; when it isdetermined that an Interleaving Frame will end, this fact is signaledusing the L1 signaling described below. The very long Interleaving Framewould be used for the case where the bit-rate and MODCOD of a PLP isconstant for a long time; the dynamically varying shorter InterleavingFrame is used when the bit-rate of a PLP is changing continually.However, it should be noted that there is no fundamental differencebetween these two cases—the difference is purely the length of theInterleaving Frame.

Each Interleaving Frame is passed through a convolutional interleaverwith the ability to be started and stopped so that it can interleaveindividual Interleaving Frames. FIG. 23 shows a convolutionalinterleaver. As each cell is input to the interleaver, the selectorsadvance one row downwards, wrapping round back to the top after thebottom row. Each square in the diagram represents a memory location thatcan store one cell.

At the beginning and end of an Interleaving Frame a method is requiredto overcome the fact that some rows in the interleaver would containcells whilst others did not. In this case, the selectors to skip overrows which contain no valid cells. The interleaver calculates when it isnecessary for the selectors to skip over rows which contain no validcells. The points at which the interleaver skips whilst at the beginningof an Interleaving Frame will be referred to as startup punctures; thepoints at which the interleaver skips whilst at the end of anInterleaving Frame will be referred to as shutdown punctures.

With the configuration shown in FIG. 23, the rows are numberedN_(row)=0,1,2 . . . N_(rows)−1, where N_(rows) is the number of rows andthe iterations of the selector are numbered from 0: N_(iter)=0,1,2 . . .∞. Let the number of cells remaining in the Interleaving Frame beN_(frame). It is possible to calculate the ordinal number of each outputfrom the interleaver relative to the time that the startup processbegan: N_(ord)=(N_(iter)−N_(rows)+1)N_(rows)+(N_(rows)+1)N_(row).

The ordinal number is the position of the cell in the uninterleavedinterleaving-frame. If this ordinal number is less than 0, then astartup puncture has been detected and the selector should be moved onto the next row N_(ord)<0. If this ordinal number is greater than orequal to N_(frame) (where N_(frame) is the number of cells in theInterleaving Frame) then a shutdown puncture has been detected and againthe selector should be moved on to the next row N_(ord)≥N_(frame). Inthis way startup and shutdown punctures can be detected without havingto store a flag for each location to indicate whether the cell in eachlocation is valid or invalid.

Whilst the interleaver is running, a count of the number of cells outputfrom the interleaver can be maintained. Once this is equal toN_(frame)−1 then all the cells in the Interleaving Frame have beenoutput from the interleaver. In the case where the interleaver isstarted before the time that it would be shut down was known, the methoddescribed above can be used unchanged to detect the startup punctures,because it is not necessary to know the length of the Interleaving FrameN_(frame) in order to detect startup punctures. However, the abovemethod needs to be adapted to enable shutdown punctures to be detectedin this situation, given that the length of the Interleaving FrameN_(frame) is not known. In this situation, some arbitrary time isdefined before the shutdown process has started and at which theselectors are at row 0 (N_(row)=0). N_(iter) is defined to be 0 at thistime and N_(frame) is defined to be the number of cells remaining in theInterleaving Frame. Then the method described above can be used todetect the shutdown punctures.

It is necessary for the selectors in the interleaver (and thecorresponding deinterleaver in the receiver) to be synchronized. If, theinterleaver has been started before the receiver was switched on, thenthe receiver needs to know the correct position of the selectors. Thisis done by the transmitter signaling the position of the selectors atthe start of each frame using dynamic L1 signaling. Then, during itsacquisition process, the receiver can decode that signaling in order toset the selector in the correct position. Once the deinterleaver issynchronized with the interleaver, then this signaling does not need tobe decoded.

Also, the receiver needs to be able to determine the position of thestart of a FEC block at the output of the deinterleaver. This is done bythe transmitter signaling the number of cells that the deinterleaverwill output during that frame before the start of a FEC block will beoutput from the deinterleaver. The size of the deinterleaver is known,so this can be calculated by the transmitter.

It is desirable that the latency through the system is constant. Whenthe interleaver selectors skip a row the latency through the system willchange. For example, if a shutdown puncture is determined, then thecurrent cell will not be input to the current row, because that row isto be skipped. However, there still will be data that needs to be outputfrom the current row. Therefore, this input data needs to be storedsomehow in a buffer. Likewise, in the deinterleaver, if a shutdownpuncture is determined, then again the current symbol will not be inputto the current row and so this input data needs to be stored somehow ina buffer, too.

The design of the interleaver (and corresponding deinterleaver) includesmethods for reusing the interleaver and deinterleaver memory as buffersto enable constant latency whilst minimizing the amount of memoryrequired. This is particularly important in the deinterleaver, becausethere will be many more receivers than transmitters. A consequence ofthese methods is that the length of the Interleaving Frame must be aninteger multiple of the number of rows, N_(rows), i.e. N_(frame) modN_(rows)=0. In order to achieve this condition, padding data is added tothe end of the Interleaving Frame. Moreover a few signaling fields inthe L1 signaling are required per frame to enable the proposedinterleaver scheme.

The OFDM generation of the OFDM generator 22 will now be described.

3 FFT (NFFT) sizes are proposed for the proposed system, e.g. an ATSC3.0 system. All numbers given below relate to the default bandwidth of 6MHz: 8 k FFT, 16 kFFT, 32 kFFT. The elementary period for 6 MHz isdefined as T= 7/48 usec. The following table summarizes the main OFDMparameters. Values are given for normal and extended carrier mode (seebelow)

Parameter 8k mode 16k mode 32k mode Number of normal 6817 13633 27265carriers extended 6913 13921 27841 Duration Tu   8192T   16384T   32768TDuration Tu 1194.7 μsec 2389.3 μsec 4778.7 μsec Carrier spacing 837.1 Hz418.5 Hz 209.3 Hz (1/Tu) Bandwidth normal 5.71 MHz 5.71 MHz 5.71 MHzbetween 1^(st) extended 5.79 MHz 5.83 MHz 5.83 MHz and last carrier

Broader channel bandwidths can be realized as an integer multiple of thedefault bandwidth of 6 MHz. This is done by carrier aggregation, i.e.increasing the number of subcarriers while keeping the carrier spacingconstant. The following table lists the number of subcarriers forexamples of higher channel bandwidths (normal mode):

Number of subcarriers Carrier spacing 6 MHz 12 MHz 18 MHz 24 MHz . . .837.1 Hz 6817 15009 23201 31393 . . .  (8kFFT for 6 MHz) 418.5 Hz 1363330017 46401 62785 . . . (16k FFT for 6 MHz) 209.3 Hz 27265 60033 92801125569 . . . (32k FFT for 6 MHz)

The following table summarizes the FFT size specific options for theguard interval length.

FFT Guard Interval Duration (μS) Size Guard Interval Fractions (Assuming6 MHz Channel Bandwidth)  8K [3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 57, 96]/512 [7, 14, 28,56, 112, 133, 224] 16K [3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 57, 96]/512 [14, 28, 56, 112,224, 266, 448] 32K [3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 57]/512 [28, 56, 112, 224, 448,532]

Because the rectangular part of the spectrum rolls off more quickly forthe larger FFT-sizes, the outer ends of the OFDM signal's spectrum canbe extended for the proposed FFT modes, i.e. more subcarriers per symbolcan used for data transport. The capacity gain achieved is between 1.4%(8 K) and 2.1% (32 K).

Spectrum notches are supported in this system to coexist with othertransmission systems whilst maintaining the maximum possible payload forterrestrial transmissions. Notching reduces spectrum efficiency forbroadcast transmissions by removing selected carriers from the OFDMsignal. The notching parameters available in the L1 signaling (withinthe preamble) mean that this reduction of spectrum efficiency can bekept to a minimum by precisely defining the start position and width ofthe spectrum notch. Two types of notches are proposed: Narrowband andBroadband. The following table summarizes the possible configurations:

Narrowband notches Broadband notches Bandwidth <=Dx · Dy − 1 (n * Dx− 1) >Dx − 1 (n * Dx − 1). No maximum, but one L1 block adjacent to aBroadband notch Notch position within Yes No a Data Slice Signaled in L1Yes Yes Receiver handling Notch corrected by L1 Notch not inside FECtuning bandwidth

In certain scenarios signals arriving from several (at least two)transmitters interfere destructively and the complete signal is canceled(over almost all subcarriers). This behavior was measured in differentfield trials, where there are spots in the landscape, which arepermanently in deep fade. When the different transmitters have slightlydifferent frequencies, then these spots move with time, yielding badreception conditions in various places.

To circumvent this effect a transmitter specific and almost random-likepredistortion of the transmitted signals is proposed. The receivertreats these superimposed signals as a regular SFN signal. With thesepredistorted signals, the likelihood of complete signal losses isminimized. Special care is taken such that the predistortion, which thereceiver interprets as being part of the transmit channel, does notintroduce a prolonged channel impulse response.

The so called eSFN (enhanced SFN) processing, as shown in FIG. 24 as asimplified Tx diagram, is therefore applied to decorrelate thetransmitted signal between multiple transmitters in an SFNconfiguration. The transmitter 200 comprising eSFN processing comprisesa modulator 202, a framing and pilot insertion unit 204, n parallellinear predistortion units 206, 208, n IFFT unit 210, 212 and n antennas214, 216.

The eSFN predistortion term for carrier k is calculated using

$\Phi_{k} = {\sum\limits_{p = 0}^{L}\left\lbrack {e^{j\; 2{{\pi\Theta}{(p)}}} \cdot {H_{RC}\left( {k - {p \cdot \frac{N_{FFT}}{L}}} \right)}} \right\rbrack}$

-   -   where L=N_(FFT)/512, N_(FFT)=T_(U)/T, and k=K_(min), . . . ,        K_(max). The term H_(RC)(n) is a Raised Cosine function, which        is shifted by

$\left( {p \cdot \frac{N_{FFT}}{L}} \right).$The Raised Cosine function itself is defined as:

${H_{RC}(n)} = \left\{ \begin{matrix}1 & {if} & {{n} \leq \frac{1 - \alpha}{2T_{c}}} \\{\cos^{2}\left\lbrack {\frac{\pi\; T_{C}}{2\alpha}\left( {{n} \leq \frac{1 - \alpha}{2T_{c}}} \right)} \right\rbrack} & {if} & {\frac{1 - \alpha}{2T_{C}} < {n} \leq \frac{1 - \alpha}{2T_{C}}} \\0 & {otherwise} & \;\end{matrix} \right.$

-   -   with the time constant T_(C)=L/N_(FFT) and the roll-off-factor        α=0.5.

The phase term Θ(p) recursively defines the phase of each Raised Cosinefunction and is obtained by:

${\Theta(p)} = \left\{ \begin{matrix}{{TX}_{0}/3} & {{{if}\mspace{14mu} p} = 0} \\{{\Theta\left( {p - 1} \right)} + {{TX}_{p}/8}} & {else}\end{matrix} \right.$

in which the values TX_(p) ∈{−1,0,1}, with p=0, . . . , L, identify eachtransmitter within the network.

While OFDM has many advantages, especially for terrestrialtransmissions, it has the disadvantage of higher spectrum shoulders atthe edge of the channel, i.e. the spectrum slope at the channel edges isnot steep enough to provide sufficient channel isolation to neighboredsignals in all cases. In order to increase the steepness of the spectrumslopes, a short FIR filter is introduced with a marginal loss of themaximum delay spread and no impact on the system performance.

FIG. 25 shows block diagrams of a normal OFDM encoding device 250 (FIG.25A), comprising a framing unit 252 and a OFDM processor 254, andmodified OFDM encoding device 260 (FIG. 25B). In case of the modifiedOFDM encoding, in addition to the elements of the normal OFDM encodingdevice 250, a predistortion unit 262 is applied before IFFT and a filter264 is applied after the IFFT (OFDM processor 254) to reduce theshoulders (out-of-band emissions) of the generated OFDM signal. Thisfilter 264 does not necessarily have a flat characteristic within thepass-band, leading to only few filter coefficients for the requiredimpulse response of the filter. An example is shown in FIG. 26. Thecurve C1 is the original OFDM signal without any filtering. The curve C2is the filtered signal. This curve does no longer have a flatcharacteristic within the signal bandwidth, which is caused by the lownumber of filter coefficients of the filter. However, the curve shows agood attenuation of the out-of-band emissions.

In order to obtain a flat characteristic in the signal bandwidth alinear pre-distortion is used. The pre-distortion compensates theselectivity of the filter. This is reached by the multiplication of eachindividual OFDM subcarrier (in the frequency domain) with the inverse ofthe transfer function of the filter at the specific subcarrier. Thecurve C3 in FIG. 26 shows the power spectral density of the same filteras applied for the curve C2, but with the described pre-distortion. Thecurve ideally overlaps with the non-filtered curve C1 in the signalbandwidth, but still shows the high attenuation in the other parts ofthe spectrum. Simulations have not shown any negative effect on the BERperformance as well as for the PAPR characteristics.

In the most extreme case the filtering (here as an example with a twotap FIR filter) can be realized by a single 0 dB echo. FIG. 27 shows anexample plot for a single dB echo with two samples delay only. The curveC4 illustrates the original OFDM signal without any filtering. The curveC5 shows the filtered signal with the additional attenuation of theout-of-band emissions but with the resulting ripple in the Tx signal.The curve C6 shows the pre-distortion. Finally, the curve C7 depicts thefiltered signal with pre-distortion.

Next, PAPR reduction will be described. The DVB-T2 Tone reservation (TR)algorithm is adopted. The number of reserved carriers remains the sameas the DVB-T2 (as shown in Table (21)). New scattered and continualpilot patterns have been proposed for ATSC3.0 physical layer. This hasresulted in recommending a new set of reserved carrier indices thatensure optimum reference kernels for the three FFT sizes and allpossible scattered and continual pilot patterns. The following tablesshow the number and the position of the reserved carriers for this tonereservation scheme.

Bandwidth Number of Capacity FFT Extension Reserved Loss Size ModeCarriers (%)  8K Normal 72 1.0 Extended 16K Normal 144 Extended 32KNormal 288 Extended

FFT size (Number of reserved carriers) Reserved Carrier Indices 8K (72)131, 263, 267, 611, 639, 696, 782, 811, 829, 860, 861, 930, 982, 1029,1380, 1476, 1571, 1589, 1594, 1609, 1793, 1836, 2131, 2215, 2538, 2540,2717, 2966, 2975, 2995, 3058, 3171, 3399, 3483, 3666, 3698, 3786, 4004,4015, 4057, 4181, 4241, 4292, 4326, 4356, 4516, 4772, 4929, 5027, 5069,5214, 5234, 5306, 5307, 5310, 5400, 5494, 5500, 5602, 5685, 5717, 5858,5911, 6133, 6139, 6213, 6217, 6241, 6266,6341, 6686, 6708 16K (144) 140,152, 180, 271, 277, 282, 285, 316, 406, 494, 794, 895, 1021, 1060, 1085,1203, 1318, 1324, 1414, 1422, 1597, 1674, 1890, 1907, 1931, 2004, 2125,2348, 2356, 2834, 2854, 2870, 2913, 2917, 3017, 3183, 3225, 3311, 3491,3549, 3566, 3715, 3716, 3949, 3987, 4054, 4127, 4147, 4422, 4534, 4585,4597, 4687, 4759, 4879, 4882, 5015, 5097, 5114, 5412, 5527, 5571, 5639,5661, 5666, 5737, 5795, 5997, 6014, 6029, 6084, 6108, 6122, 6170, 6251,6500, 6609, 6620, 6721, 6774, 6842, 7162, 7247, 7503, 7770, 7775, 7890,7932, 7985, 8043, 8089, 8092, 8104, 8156, 8233, 8241, 8329, 8362, 8371,8518, 8603, 9022, 9090, 9190, 9400, 9453, 9544, 9598, 9769, 10022,10043, 10150, 10347, 10568, 10849, 10895, 11313, 11394, 11401, 11574,11583, 11726, 11822, 12120, 12244, 12276, 12438, 12451, 12540, 12574,12654, 12671, 12806, 12898, 12899, 12950, 13021, 13107, 13153, 13293,13303, 13430, 13433, 13494 32K (288) 275, 303, 526, 537, 584, 648, 722,779, 794, 859, 867, 1182, 1238, 1251, 1263, 1336, 1389,1399 1420, 1471,1498, 1541, 1587, 1628, 1719, 1822, 2055, 2068, 2181, 2242, 2248, 2346,2350, 2359, 2502, 2525 2834, 2889, 2937, 3018, 3091, 3124, 3160, 3480,3489, 3512, 3707, 3718, 3734, 3861, 4079, 4255, 4371, 4484 4499, 4550,4588, 4850, 4854, 4935, 4946, 5084, 5110, 5127, 5169, 5178, 5345, 5480,5623, 5849, 5805, 6236 8265, 6346, 6397, 6447, 6482, 6500, 6644, 6735,6796, 6934, 6956, 7113, 7146, 7186, 7194, 7215, 7226, 7266 7507, 7736,7757, 7942, 8056, 8471, 8516, 8567, 8583, 8613, 8868, 8883, 9000, 9005,9134, 9163, 9242, 9310 9348, 9358, 9378, 9586, 9682, 9697, 9732, 9825,9883, 10037, 10792, 10830, 10872, 10879,10892, 10894, 11007, 1103011103, 11129, 11186, 11461, 11466, 11585, 11912, 11937, 11970, 12035,12185, 12392, 12406, 12424, 12529, 12666, 12842, 12982 13004, 13115,13182, 13226, 13356, 13407, 13554, 13681, 13743, 14114, 14119, 14247,14369, 14458, 14468, 14629, 14655, 14694 14724, 14796, 14815, 15084,15143, 15249, 15420, 15530, 15655, 15666, 15703, 15844, 15882, 15970,16019, 16065, 18215, 16420 16695, 16705, 16707, 16764, 16818, 16855,16913, 16925, 16958, 16965, 17048, 17233, 17441, 17624, 17729, 18157,18181, 18193 18433, 18451, 18506, 18665, 18858, 18988, 19085, 19098,19286, 19374, 19659, 19707, 19717, 19878, 19890, 19979, 19983, 2000820241, 20295, 20527, 20801, 20943, 21015, 21067, 21163, 21175, 21191,21201, 21293, 21337, 21608, 21656, 21674, 21755, 21758 22145, 22380,22788, 22847, 22856, 22878, 22889, 22924, 23069, 23099, 23103, 23151,23897, 23997, 24033, 24039, 24063, 24127 24163, 24217, 24302, 24386,24434, 24854, 24910, 24946, 25017, 25199, 25256, 25455, 25513, 25555,25565, 25772, 25778, 25782 25889, 25943, 26034, 26161, 26167, 26289,26409, 26492, 26498, 26620, 26683, 26709, 26758, 26821, 26842, 26920,26952, 26968

MIMO is seen as one valuable technology to increase the throughputrates, especially for higher SNR values above 15 dB. DVB-NGH is thefirst system providing a rate 2 MIMO scheme for terrestrial broadcast.Generally it is proposed to reuse similar MIMO codes that are derivedfrom plain 2×N Spatial Multiplexing MIMO, adding some additionalfeatures for improved correlation handling, diversity as well ashandling power imbalances.

One drawback of MIMO is the additional installation effort. Especiallyfor stationary rooftop reception effort and costs on domestic side needto be reduced to a minimum. In any case it is required that the so farsingle polarized antenna is exchanged. Another bottleneck is the singlecable installation of typical households that prevent to deliver bothMIMO signal components on the same frequencies to the tuners of thereceiver. However, the existing single cable can be reused to conveyboth MIMO Rx paths (e.g. signal polarizations) if they are mapped ontodifferent frequencies. For example, one MIMO signal component is feddirectly to the cable, while the signal of the other polarization isshifted to an unused frequency.

FIG. 28 illustrates this principle according to which both MIMO Rx pathsignals (e.g. polarizations) are passed on a single cable: the firstsignal used as is, the second signal is filtered and shifted to unusedfrequency band. The MIMO encoded RF signal requires to include signalingthat allows the receiver (behind the single cable) to determine/detectthe RF frequency of the second MIMO component. For example, thesignaling includes a list of available frequencies (i.e. not allocatedat the current geographical location). In another example, the signalingincludes specific frequencies for the second MIMO component selected bythe operator that the receiver must tune to. Based on the signaling thereceiver sends with the help of a suitable control protocol (such asDiSEqC) the corresponding mixing frequency to the MIMO Rx Mixing Unit.

Thus, a MIMO receiving apparatus is proposed comprising

-   -   an input interface that receives a multiplex signal from a MIMO        preprocessing apparatus on an input signal path, said multiplex        signal comprising one or more MIMO transmission channels of a        MIMO transmission signal, wherein a MIMO transmission channel        carrying one or more services comprises two MIMO receive signal        components multiplexed onto said multiplex signal,    -   a signaling unit that signals to said MIMO preprocessing        apparatus a channel allocation information indicating the        allocation of the two MIMO receive signal components of at least        the MIMO transmission channel carrying a desired service that        shall be used by said MIMO receiving apparatus to respective        frequency channels so that the two MIMO receive signal        components of said MIMO transmission channel will be allocated        to different frequency channels,    -   a processing unit that processes the two MIMO receive signal        components of the MIMO transmission channel carrying the desired        service, including tuning to the frequency channels of the        respective MIMO receive signal component based on said channel        allocation information, to obtain a service data stream,    -   an output interface that outputs said service data stream.

Further, a corresponding MIMO preprocessing apparatus is proposedcomprising

-   -   an input interface that receives a MIMO transmission signal        comprising at least two MIMO transmission signal streams        received via different input signal paths, wherein said MIMO        transmission signal comprises one or more MIMO transmission        channels and wherein a MIMO transmission channel carrying one or        more services comprises two MIMO receive signal components        covering the same frequency channel and being included in        different transmission signal streams,    -   a MIMO multiplexer that multiplexes the two MIMO receive signal        components of one or more MIMO transmission channels onto a        multiplex signal, wherein the two MIMO receive signal components        of said one or more MIMO transmission channels are allocated to        different frequency channels based on channel allocation        information derived from said MIMO transmission signal or        received from a MIMO receiving apparatus, and    -   an output interface that outputs said multiplex signal to an        output signal path.

Still further, a corresponding MIMO transmitting apparatus is presentedcomprising

-   -   an input processing unit receiving input data to be transmitted,    -   a Bit Interleaved Coding and Modulation unit that encodes and        modulates the received input data and signaling information,        said signaling information comprising a channel allocation        information indicating the allocation of two MIMO receive signal        components of at least a MIMO transmission channel carrying a        desired service that shall be used by a MIMO receiving apparatus        to respective frequency channels so that the two MIMO receive        signal components of said MIMO transmission channel will be        allocated to different frequency channels,    -   a MIMO encoding unit that MIMO encodes the output signals of the        Bit Interleaved Coding and Modulation unit to obtain two MIMO        encoded signal streams,    -   two MIMO transmission antennas that transmit said MIMO encoded        signal streams as MIMO transmission signal, wherein said MIMO        transmission signal comprises one or more MIMO transmission        channels and wherein a MIMO transmission channel carrying one or        more services comprises two MIMO receive signal components        covering the same frequency channel and being included in        different MIMO encoded streams.

Terminals located at the edge of the coverage area of a broadcastnetwork are suffering from low receptions levels, which may hindererror-free decoding. This is also true for indoor reception or if largeobjects attenuate the transmitted signal. To counter this problem theproposal suggests the additional utilization of either a wired or awireless broadband network for transmitting additional redundancy forenabling error-free reception, as depicted in FIG. 29 illustrating abroadcast system using the proposed principle of “Redundancy on Demand”.In many cases only a few dBs received signal level are missing for thecorrect decoding of the broadcasting data, resulting in an additionalredundancy data stream of few hundred kbit/s.

In this proposed scheme the signal transmission in the terrestrialnetwork remains totally unchanged, but for a poor reception the terminaldevice can fetch additional data via broadband network to improve errorcorrection performance. The terminal device evaluates the data receivedfrom the terrestrial network, and according to the signal quality itrequires certain amount of additional data to assure quasi-error-free(QEF) reception. Under more severe conditions more additional data isneeded. In this way, a smooth transition between pure terrestrialbroadcast and complete delivery via broadband network can be realized.This creates a new degree of freedom for the broadcast networkmanagement and helps to reduce the overall delivery cost and energyconsumption.

The data received via both networks is combined for decoding in theterminal. What kind of additional data is transmitted via the broadbandnetwork depends on the technology used in the terrestrial broadcastnetwork. FIG. 30 illustrates the proposed Redundancy on Demand (RoD)concept for the proposed system. A RoD capable terminal (Terminal 2 inFIG. 30) is equipped with a RoD client that performs a request to theRoD server if the reception conditions do not allow for error freedecoding. The RoD server is then transmitting the required amount ofredundancy, which is generated from the initially transmitted datastream, to the client. Different convergence levels for generating theRoD data are possible, i.e. the transmitted redundancy can either begenerated from the output of the Multiplexer (MUX), the channel-codingor the modulation block. RoD is backwards compatible, since terminalsthat are not capable of a broadband connection for improving thereception remain unchanged (such as Terminal 1 in FIG. 30).

An essential task of the RoD-System is to correctly determine therequired amount of RoD data for successful FEC decoding in the terminal.If too few RoD-Data is transferred from the RoD-Server to the Terminal,the decoding process will fail and additional RoD-Data needs to berequested in a second step. This causes network overhead and increasesthe system delay until successful decoding is achieved due to themultiple RoD-requests. If on the other hand too much RoD-Data istransferred to the terminal, the system efficiency is reduced, sincedata is transmitted via the broadband connection in vain.

The proposed system uses the Mutual Information (MI) as metric for theestimation of the required RoD amount in the individual receiver. Ingeneral Mutual Information is especially suited for determining therequired amount of RoD data, since it is independent from the channelcharacteristics and the modulation order of the QAM constellation, butonly depends on the FEC code. If the code rate of the FEC is e.g. 0.5,decoding is successful if the Mutual Information exceeds the value of0.5.

Naturally operating at the maximum channel capacity (Shannon capacity)is not possible with practical FEC codes. For instance the DVB-T2 64KLDPC code with a code rate ½ requires a Mutual Information of 0.55 forsuccessful decoding. Some code specific small margin needs therefore tobe added. This margin fortunately does almost not depend on themodulation order and the channel characteristics. The required MutualInformation for the utilized FEC codes can be stored in a table in theRoD server or the terminal, such that the required mutual informationthat needs to be transmitted via RoD can be calculated in the terminalor the RoD server.

The Mutual Information is determined based on the Log-Likelihood-Ratios(LLR) at the output of the QAM-demapper and is a good measure if thefollowing FEC is able to successfully decode the FEC codeword. TheMutual Information of a single Bit based on its LLR value is defined asIf transmitted bit=1: MI=1−log 2(1+e ^(−inputLLR))If transmitted bit=0: MI=1−log 2(1+e ^(+inputLLR))

-   -   The Mutual Information is typically averaged over one FEC Block,        to decide if successful decoding is possible. However, the        knowledge of the transmitted bit is required for the        calculation, which is not available in a receiver. To avoid the        need for the reference data for the calculation of the Mutual        Information, the formula is weighted by the linear probability        that a 1 or a 0 is transmitted, respectively. The linear        probability that a 1 is transmitted is calculated from its LLR        value by

$p = {\frac{1}{1 + e^{- {inputLLR}}}.}$

-   -   After weighting the initial MI formula with the probability p        and 1−p, respectively, the following formulas are resulting:        MI₁=1−p*log 2(1+e ^(−inputLLR))        MI₀=1−(1−p)*log 2(1+e ^(+inputLLR))        The estimated Mutual Information without reference is then        resulting from their sum        MI_(estimated)=MI₁+MI₀=1−p*log 2(1+e ^(−inputLLR))+1−(1−p)*log        2(1+e ^(+inputLLR))

The Mutual Information estimation is proven to be very accurate comparedto its ideal values for different channel models and modulation sizes.It is observed that estimated Mutual Information exactly corresponds tothe ideal Mutual Information.

There are different possibilities for the format of RoD data. Onepossibility is the re-transmission of complete packets, similar to ARQknown from bidirectional systems. Possible convergence levels are e.g.IP-Packets, FEC Frames or Generic Stream Encapsulation (GSE) Packets forDVB-Systems. This possibility is most simple, however not most bitefficient. The approach requires a unique packet identifier.

Another possibility is based on bit values. For instance, random bits,e.g. spread across the FEC codeword, or the least significant bits (LSB)of the QAM constellations can be used, as redundancy data. The receiverdemodulates the QAM constellations, but uses the LSBs from the broadbandnetwork instead of the ones from the terrestrial broadcast network,because the LSBs typically carry the lowest amount of information withinthe QAM symbol.

Still another possibility is incremental redundancy (IR): IR extends anexisting FEC generator matrix without altering the original part of thematrix. This allows for an extension of the original FEC codeword withan additional parity block, without altering the remaining part of thecodeword. A block diagram of a RoD transmission system based on IR isdepicted in FIG. 31 using an LDPC code as FEC code. The basic FEC pathof the LDPC encoder output is transmitted as usual by means of a digitalterrestrial broadcast network, whereas the IR part with the paritiessupporting terrestrial reception are transmitted on demand viabroadband. To allow for a flexible adjustment of the amount oftransmitted parity bits, puncturing of the IR part is performed.

In summary in an aspect of the present disclosure is a transmitter 2000is provided as schematically shown in FIG. 46 for transmitting payloaddata and emergency information using data symbols in a single-carrier ormulti-carrier broadcast system. The transmitter 2000 comprises amodulator 2010 configured to modulate one or more transmission symbolswith signaling data for use in detecting and recovering the payload dataat a receiver and to modulate one or more transmission symbols with thepayload data. An emergency information receiver 2020 receives emergencyinformation carrying information of an actual emergency. An emergencyinformation embedder 2030 embeds emergency information into one or moretransmission symbols, wherein the emergency information is embeddedwithin a predetermined time period after its reception by using aresource used for carrying signaling data and/or payload data if noemergency information shall be transmitted. A transmission unit 2040transmits the transmission symbols.

In another aspect of the present disclosure the transmitter 2000 isconfigured for transmitting payload data and emergency information usingdata symbols in a multi-carrier broadcast system and comprises amodulator 2010 that modulates one or more transmission symbols withsignaling data for use in detecting and recovering the payload data at areceiver and to modulate one or more transmission symbols with thepayload data. The emergency information receiver 2020 is configured toreceive emergency information carrying information of an actualemergency. The emergency information embedder 2030 is configured toembed emergency information into one or more transmission symbolsmodulated with payload data, wherein the emergency information isembedded within a predetermined time period after its reception byproviding a number of additional subcarriers carrying said emergencyinformation, said subcarriers being provided at an edge of the spectrumused for transmission and/or spread across the subcarriers carrying thepayload data. The transmission unit 2040 finally transmits thetransmission symbols.

In still another aspect of the present disclosure a receiver 3000 isprovided as schematically shown in FIG. 47 for detecting and recoveringpayload data and emergency information from a received signal that hasbeen transmitted using data symbols in a single-carrier or multi-carrierbroadcast system. The receiver 3000 comprises a detector 3010 thatdetects the received signal, the received signal comprising the payloaddata and signaling data for use in detecting and recovering the payloaddata, the signaling data being carried by one or more transmissionsymbols and the payload data being carried by one or more transmissionsymbols, wherein emergency information carrying information of an actualemergency is embedded into one or more transmission symbols. Anemergency information detector 3020 detects and recovers the emergencyinformation from the one or more transmission symbols. A demodulator3030 recovers the signaling data from the one or more transmissionsymbol for recovering the payload data from the one or more transmissionsymbols. An emergency information output 3040 outputs the emergencyinformation and/or predetermined emergency output information providedfor being output in case of the detection of emergency information.

According to a preferred embodiment the present disclosure is applied inan Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed, OFDM, based broadcastsystem or in another multicarrier broadcast system. However, inalternative embodiments the present disclosure is applied in singlecarrier transmission systems and/or transmission systems that do notmake use of a framing structure.

Still further, in an embodiment the proposed EWS signaling concept thatenables a very fast signaling of an emergency event can be used includea link to basic and existing EWS signaling systems that provide moredetailed emergency information with some latency. For instance thequickly transmitted, decoded and output EWS signaling data may includelocation information where and when the receiver can find such moredetailed emergency information (e.g. by use of an already existing EWSsignaling concept).

Thus, the foregoing discussion discloses and describes merely exemplaryembodiments of the present disclosure. As will be understood by thoseskilled in the art, the present disclosure may be embodied in otherspecific forms without departing from the spirit or essentialcharacteristics thereof. Accordingly, the disclosure of the presentdisclosure is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting of the scopeof the disclosure, as well as other claims. The disclosure, includingany readily discernible variants of the teachings herein, defines, inpart, the scope of the foregoing claim terminology such that noinventive subject matter is dedicated to the public.

In the claims, the word “comprising” does not exclude other elements orsteps, and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude aplurality. A single element or other unit may fulfill the functions ofseveral items recited in the claims. The mere fact that certain measuresare recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicatethat a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage.

In so far as embodiments of the disclosure have been described as beingimplemented, at least in part, by software-controlled data processingapparatus, it will be appreciated that a non-transitory machine-readablemedium carrying such software, such as an optical disk, a magnetic disk,semiconductor memory or the like, is also considered to represent anembodiment of the present disclosure. Further, such a software may alsobe distributed in other forms, such as via the Internet or other wiredor wireless telecommunication systems.

The elements of the disclosed devices, apparatus and systems may beimplemented by corresponding hardware and/or software elements, forinstance appropriated circuits. A circuit is a structural assemblage ofelectronic components including conventional circuit elements,integrated circuits including application specific integrated circuits,standard integrated circuits, application specific standard products,and field programmable gate arrays. Further a circuit includes centralprocessing units, graphics processing units, and microprocessors whichare programmed or configured according to software code. A circuit doesnot include pure software, although a circuit includes theabove-described hardware executing software.

The following numbered clauses provide a first set of further exampleaspects and features of the present technique:

-   -   1. A transmitter for transmitting payload data using Orthogonal        Frequency Division Multiplexed (OFDM) symbols, the transmitter        comprising    -   a frame builder configured to receive the payload data to be        transmitted and to receive first signaling data for use in        detecting and recovering the payload data at a receiver, and to        form the payload data with the first signaling data into frames        for transmission,    -   a modulator configured to modulate a first OFDM symbol with the        first signaling data and to modulate one or more second OFDM        symbols with the payload data,    -   a signature sequence processor for generating a signature        sequence,    -   a combiner for combining the generated signature sequence with        the first OFDM symbol, and    -   a transmission unit for transmitting the first and second OFDM        symbols, wherein the signature sequence provided by the        signature sequence processor is selected from one of a set of        signature sequences, the signature sequence being combined by        the combiner with the first OFDM symbol, so that a receiver can        detect and recover the first signaling data from the first OFDM        symbol and the signature sequences of the set provide message        information to the receiver.    -   2. A transmitter according to clause 1, wherein the signature        sequence processor comprises a signature sequence generator for        generating the selected signature sequence from the set of the        signature sequences and a sequence controller for selecting the        signature sequence to be generated, wherein a first of the        signature sequences is selected so that the first OFDM symbol        can be detected and the first signaling data recovered before        the one or more second OFDM symbols, and one or more other        signature sequences of the set are selected to represent a        different message.    -   3. A transmitter according to clause 1 or 2, wherein the first        OFDM symbol is a first type having a different number of        sub-carriers than the one or more second OFDM symbols of a        second type.    -   4. A transmitter according to clause 2 or 3, wherein the        signature sequence processor is configured to provide either the        first synchronization sequence for a receiver to use in        detecting the first OFDM symbol before the one or more second        OFDM symbols or to provide one of the other signature sequences        from the set for detecting the first OFDM symbol and indicating        a message to the receiver as one of a plurality of signature        sequences, each sequence representing a difference message.    -   5. A transmitter according to clause 4, wherein the first        synchronization sequence and the each of the other message        sequences each comprises a set of complex coefficients that are        combined with the first OFDM symbol by adding each of the        complex coefficients with a corresponding sample of the first        OFDM symbol in the time domain.    -   6. A transmitter according to any of clauses 1 to 5, wherein the        set of complex coefficients are based on a sequence generated        using at least a first pseudo-random binary sequence generator        configured to generate a real component of the complex        coefficients, and at least a second pseudo-random binary        sequence generator separately configured to generate the        imaginary component of the complex coefficients.    -   7. A transmitter according to clause 6, wherein each        pseudo-random binary sequence generator is formed from an        M-sequence or Gold code sequence generator.    -   8. A transmitter according to clause 5 where in the set of        complex coefficients of the signature sequences is generated        using a constant amplitude zero autocorrelation sequence        generator.    -   9. A transmitter according to any of clauses 1 to 8, wherein the        information includes user level information such as a publicly        broadcast early warning or the like/10.    -   10. A method of transmitting payload data using Orthogonal        Frequency Division Multiplexed (OFDM) symbols, the method        comprising    -   receiving the payload data to be transmitted,    -   receiving first signaling data for use in detecting and        recovering the payload data to be transmitted at a receiver,    -   forming the payload data with the first signaling data into        frames for transmission,    -   modulating a first OFDM symbol with the first signaling data,    -   modulating one or more second OFDM symbols with the payload        data,    -   providing a signature sequence,    -   combining the signature sequence with the first OFDM symbol, and    -   transmitting the first and second OFDM symbols, wherein the        providing the signature sequence comprises selecting the        signature sequence from one of a set of signature sequences, the        selected signature sequence being combined with the first OFDM        symbol, so that a receiver can detect and recover the first        signaling data from the first OFDM symbol and the signature        sequence selected from the set of signature sequences represents        message information to the receiver.    -   11. A method according to clause 10, wherein the providing the        signature sequence includes selecting the signature sequence        from the set to be generated, and    -   generating the selected signature sequence from the set of the        signature sequences, wherein a first of the signature sequences        is selected so that the first OFDM symbol can be detected and        the first signaling data recovered before the one or more second        OFDM symbols, and one or more other signature sequences of the        set are selected to represent different message information.    -   12. A method according to clause 10 or 11, wherein the first        OFDM symbol is a first type having a different number of        sub-carriers than the one or more second OFDM symbols of a        second type.    -   13. A method according to any of clauses 11 to 13, wherein the        providing the synchronization sequence includes    -   providing either the first synchronization sequence for a        receiver to use in detecting the first OFDM symbol before the        one or more second OFDM symbols, or    -   providing one of the other signature sequences from the set for        detecting the first OFDM symbol and indicating a message to the        receiver as one of a plurality of signature sequences, each        sequence representing a difference message.    -   14. A method according to any of clauses 10 to 13, wherein the        first synchronization sequence and each of the message sequences        comprise a set of complex coefficients and the signature        sequence is combined with the first OFDM symbol by adding each        of the complex coefficients with a corresponding one of the        samples of the first OFDM symbol in the time domain.    -   15. A method according to any of clauses 10 to 14, wherein the        set of complex coefficients are based on a sequence generated        using at least a first pseudo-random binary sequence generator        configured to generate a real component of the complex        coefficients, and at least a second pseudo-random binary        sequence generator separately configured to generate the        imaginary component of the complex coefficients.    -   16. A method according to clause 16, wherein each pseudo-random        binary sequence generator is formed from an M-sequence or Gold        code sequence generator.    -   17. A method according to clause 15, wherein the set of complex        coefficients of the signature or message sequences is generated        using a constant amplitude zero autocorrelation sequence        generator.    -   18. A method according to any of clauses 10 to 17, wherein the        information includes user level information such as a publicly        broadcast emergency warning or the like.    -   19. A receiver for detecting and recovering payload data from a        received signal, the receiver comprising a detector for        detecting the received signal, the received signal comprising        the payload data with first signaling data for use in detecting        and recovering the payload data, the first signaling data being        carried by a first Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed,        OFDM, symbol, and the payload data being carried by one or more        second OFDM symbols, and the first OFDM symbol having been        combined with a signature sequence,    -   a synchronization detector comprising a matched filter having an        impulse response which has been matched to the signature        sequence with the effect that an output of the matched filter        generates a signal representing a correlation of the signature        sequence with the received signal, and    -   a demodulator for recovering the first signaling data from the        first OFDM symbol for recovering the payload data from the        second OFDM symbols, wherein the signature sequence comprises        one of a predetermined set of synchronization sequences, which        includes a first synchronization sequence one or more second        message sequences, the signature sequence having been selected        and combined with the first OFMD symbol, the first        synchronization sequence being provided for a receiver to detect        and to recover the first signaling data from the first OFDM        symbol and the one or more second message sequences representing        message information to the receiver, and the receiver including    -   a message detector for detecting and recovering the message        information by identifying the second message sequence from        amongst the set of second message sequences.    -   20. A receiver according to clause 19, wherein the message        detector includes a second matched filter having an impulse        response which has been matched to the differentially encoded        designated message sequence, the message detector being        configured to detect the presence of the second message sequence        from processing the output of the second matched filter thereby        decoding the message information.    -   21. A receiver according to clause 19 or 20, wherein the first        OFDM symbol is a first type having a different number of        sub-carriers than the one or more second OFDM symbols of a        second type.    -   22. A receiver according to clause 19, 20 or 21, wherein the        first synchronization sequence and the second message sequence        of the signature sequence each comprise a set of complex        coefficients and the signature sequence is combined with the        first OFDM symbol by adding each of the complex coefficients        with a corresponding one of the samples of the first OFDM symbol        in the time domain.    -   23. A receiver according to any of clauses 19 to 22, wherein the        set of complex coefficients of the signature sequence is based        on a sequence generated using at least a first pseudo-random        binary sequence generator configured to generate a real        component of the complex coefficients, and at least a second        pseudo-random binary sequence generator separately configured to        generate the imaginary component of the complex coefficients.    -   24. A receiver according to clause 23, wherein each        pseudo-random binary sequence generator is formed from an        M-sequence or Gold code sequence generator.    -   25. A receiver according to clause 23, wherein the set of        complex coefficients of the signature or message sequences is        generated using a constant amplitude zero autocorrelation        sequence generator.    -   26. A receiver according to any of clauses 19 to 25, comprising        a power supply and a controller, wherein the controller is        configured in combination with the power supply to supply power        to the signaling decoder, when the receiver is in a powered off        or standby state when power is not supplied to some or all of        the remaining parts of the receiver.    -   27. A method of detecting and recovering payload data from a        received signal, the method comprising detecting the received        signal, the received signal comprising time divided frames        including the payload data with first signaling data for use in        detecting and recovering the payload data, the first signaling        data being carried by a first Orthogonal Frequency Division        Multiplexed, OFDM, symbol, and the payload data being carried by        one or more second OFDM symbols, and the first OFDM symbol        having been combined with a signature sequence,    -   filtering the received signal with a matched filter having an        impulse response which has been matched to the signature        sequence with the effect that an output of the matched filter        generates a signal representing a correlation of the signature        sequence with the received signal,    -   detecting the first OFDM symbol from the output signal of the        matched filter, and    -   demodulating the first OFDM symbol to recover the first        signaling data from the first OFDM symbol for recovering the        payload data from the second OFDM symbol, wherein the signature        sequence comprises one of a predetermined set of synchronization        sequences, which includes a first synchronization sequence one        or more second message sequences, the signature sequence having        been selected and combined with the first OFMD symbol, the first        synchronization sequence being provided for a receiver to detect        and to recover the first signaling data from the first OFDM        symbol and the one or more second message sequences representing        message information to the receiver, and the method including    -   detecting and recovering the message information by identifying        the second message sequence.    -   28. A method according to clause 27, the method comprising    -   detecting the message information using additional matched        filters each having an impulse response which has been matched        to each of the set of second message sequences each        differentially processed thereby correlating each of the second        message sequences with the received first OFDM symbol, and    -   detecting the message information from a highest correlation        output from each of the matched filters in correspondence to the        sequences in the predetermined set of sequences.    -   29. A method according to clause 27 or 28, wherein the first        OFDM symbol is a first type having a different number of        sub-carriers than the one or more second OFDM symbols of a        second type.    -   30. A method according to any of clauses 27 to 29, wherein the        first synchronization sequence and the second message sequence        of the signature sequence each comprise a set of complex        coefficients and the signature sequence having been combined        with the first OFDM symbol by adding each of the complex        coefficients with a corresponding one of the samples of the        first OFDM symbol in the time domain.    -   31. A method according to any of clauses 27 to 30, wherein the        first synchronization sequence and the second message sequence        of the signature sequence each comprise a set of complex        coefficients and the signature sequence having been combined        with the first OFDM symbol by adding each of the complex        coefficients with a corresponding one of the samples of the        first OFDM symbol in the frequency domain.    -   32. A method according to clauses 30 or 31, wherein the the        first synchronization sequence comprises the set of complex        coefficients of the signature sequence generated using at least        a first pseudo-random binary sequence generator configured to        generate a real component of the complex coefficients, and at        least a second pseudo-random binary sequence generator        separately configured to generate the imaginary component of the        complex coefficients.    -   33. A method according to clause 32, wherein each pseudo-random        binary sequence generator is formed from an M-sequence or Gold        code sequence generator.    -   34. A method according to clause 32, wherein the set of complex        coefficients of the signature or message sequences is generated        using a constant amplitude zero autocorrelation sequence        generator    -   35. A method according to any of clauses 27 to 34, comprising        supplying power to the signaling decoder, when the receiver is        in a powered off or standby state when power is not supplied to        some or all of the remaining parts of the receiver.

It follows a list of further embodiments of the present disclosure:

-   -   1. A transmitter for transmitting payload data and emergency        information using data symbols in a single-carrier or        multi-carrier broadcast system, the transmitter comprising    -   a modulator configured to modulate one or more transmission        symbols with signaling data for use in detecting and recovering        the payload data at a receiver and to modulate one or more        transmission symbols with the payload data,    -   an emergency information receiver configured to receive        emergency information carrying information of an actual        emergency,    -   an emergency information embedder configured to embed emergency        information into one or more transmission symbols, wherein the        emergency information is embedded within a predetermined time        period after its reception by using a resource used for carrying        signaling data and/or payload data if no emergency information        shall be transmitted, and    -   a transmission unit configured to transmit the transmission        symbols.    -   2. The transmitter according to any preceding embodiment,    -   wherein the emergency information embedder is configured to        embed the emergency information into one or more transmission        symbols within a predetermined time period of less than 1 sec,        in particular less than 500 msec, more particularly less than        100 msec, after its reception.    -   3. The transmitter according to any preceding embodiment,    -   wherein the emergency information embedder is configured to        replace one or more subcarriers of one or more transmission        symbols carrying signaling data or payload data by one or more        subcarriers carrying emergency information.    -   4. The transmitter according to any preceding embodiment,    -   wherein the emergency information embedder is configured to        replace one or more modulation bits, in particular one or more        least significant bits or most significant bits, of modulation        symbols, in particular QAM symbols, carrying signaling data or        payload data by modulation bits carrying emergency information.    -   5. The transmitter according to any preceding embodiment,    -   wherein the emergency information embedder comprises a        modulation encoder configured to modulation encode the emergency        information separate from the signaling data and the payload        data, in particular using a higher modulation order for        modulation encoding the emergency information, or to increase        the modulation order of modulation symbols, in particular QAM        symbols, carrying signaling data or payload data and inserting        the emergency information into the additional bits of the        modulation symbols obtained by increasing their modulation        order.    -   6. The transmitter according to any preceding embodiment,    -   wherein the emergency information embedder is configured to use        one or more reserved subcarriers that are reserved for a        predetermined purpose, in particular subcarriers reserved for        Peak to Average Power Ratio, PAPR, reduction, for carrying        emergency information.    -   7. The transmitter according to any preceding embodiment,    -   wherein the emergency information embedder is configured to        replace payload data of a predetermined or selected service, in        particular a less important service such as video text, an audio        channel, a shopping channel, or a channel having a low number of        users, by emergency information.    -   8. The transmitter according to any preceding embodiment,    -   wherein the emergency information embedder is configured to        dynamically extend the allocated capacity of the signaling data        and to insert the emergency information into the dynamically        extended capacity of the signaling data.    -   9. The transmitter according to any preceding embodiment,    -   further comprising a frame builder configured to receive payload        data and signaling data to be transmitted, to form the payload        data with the signaling data into frames for transmission, and        to add embedding information indicating the way and/or location        of embedded emergency information into one or more frames, in        particular as part of the signaling data included in one or more        frames carrying embedded emergency information.    -   10. The transmitter according to any preceding embodiment,    -   wherein the way and/or location of embedding emergency        information into the one or more transmission symbols is        predetermined, wherein the emergency information embedder is        configured to use embedding information indicating the        predetermined way and/or location for embedding emergency        information.    -   11. The transmitter according to any preceding embodiment,    -   further comprising an emergency signaling processor configured        to provide an emergency indicator indicating that emergency        information will be embedded in one or more transmission        symbols, and to embed said emergency indicator into the        signaling data.    -   12. The transmitter according to embodiment 11, wherein the        emergency signaling processor comprises    -   a signature sequence processor configured to provide a signature        sequence representing said emergency indicator, and    -   a combiner configured to combine the signature sequence with a        transmission symbol carrying signaling data,    -   wherein the signature sequence provided by the signature        sequence processor is selected from one of a set of signature        sequences, the signature sequence being combined by the combiner        with a transmission symbol, in particular a transmission symbol        carrying signaling data so that a receiver can detect and        recover the signaling data from the said transmission symbol and        the signature sequences of the set provide the emergency        indicator to the receiver.    -   13. A transmitter for transmitting payload data and emergency        information using data symbols in a multi-carrier broadcast        system, the transmitter comprising    -   a modulator configured to modulate one or more transmission        symbols with signaling data for use in detecting and recovering        the payload data at a receiver and to modulate one or more        transmission symbols with the payload data,    -   an emergency information receiver configured to receive        emergency information carrying information of an actual        emergency,    -   an emergency information embedder configured to embed emergency        information into one or more transmission symbols modulated with        payload data, wherein the emergency information is embedded        within a predetermined time period after its reception by        providing a number of additional subcarriers carrying said        emergency information, said subcarriers being provided at an        edge of the spectrum used for transmission and/or spread across        the subcarriers carrying the payload data, and    -   a transmission unit configured to transmit the transmission        symbols.    -   14. A transmission method for transmitting payload data and        emergency information using data symbols in a single-carrier or        multi-carrier broadcast system, the transmission method        comprising    -   modulating one or more transmission symbols with signaling data        for use in detecting and recovering the payload data at a        receiver,    -   modulating one or more transmission symbols with the payload        data,    -   receiving emergency information carrying information of an        actual emergency,    -   embedding emergency information into one or more transmission        symbols, wherein the emergency information is embedded within a        predetermined time period after its reception by using a        resource used for carrying signaling data and/or payload data if        no emergency information shall be transmitted, and    -   transmitting the transmission symbols.    -   15. A receiver for detecting and recovering payload data and        emergency information from a received signal that has been        transmitted using data symbols in a single-carrier or        multi-carrier broadcast system, the receiver comprising    -   a detector configured to detect the received signal, the        received signal comprising the payload data and signaling data        for use in detecting and recovering the payload data, the        signaling data being carried by one or more transmission symbols        and the payload data being carried by one or more transmission        symbols, wherein emergency information carrying information of        an actual emergency is embedded into one or more transmission        symbols,    -   an emergency information detector configured to detect and        recover the emergency information from the one or more        transmission symbols,    -   a demodulator configured to recover the signaling data from the        one or more transmission symbol for recovering the payload data        from the one or more transmission symbols, and    -   an emergency information output configured to output the        emergency information and/or predetermined emergency output        information provided for being output in case of the detection        of emergency information.    -   16. The receiver according to embodiment in embodiment 15,    -   further comprising an emergency information evaluator configured        to evaluate the detected emergency information if the actual        emergency is relevant for the user of said receiver,    -   wherein the emergency information output is configured to output        the emergency information and/or the predetermined emergency        output information only if the actual emergency has been found        relevant for the user.    -   17. The receiver according to embodiment 15 or 16,    -   further comprising an emergency signaling detector configured to        detect an emergency indicator from the signaling data, said        emergency indicator indicating that emergency information will        be embedded one or more transmission symbols of at least the        same and/or one or more of the subsequent frames,    -   wherein the emergency information output is configured to output        the emergency information and/or the predetermined emergency        output information only if the emergency indicator and the        emergency information have been detected.    -   18. The receiver according to embodiment 17, wherein the        emergency signaling detector comprises    -   a synchronization detector comprising a matched filter having an        impulse response which has been matched to a differentially        encoded signature sequence representing said emergency indicator        with the effect that an output of the matched filter generates a        signal representing a correlation of the differentially encoded        signature sequence with the differentially encoded received        signal, wherein the signature sequence comprises one of a set of        signature sequences, the signature sequence being combined with        the transmission symbol carrying the emergency indicator, so        that the receiver can detect and recover the signaling data from        the one or more transmission symbol and the signature sequences        of the set provide the emergency indicator to the receiver, and    -   an information detector configured to detect and recover the        emergency information by identifying the signature sequence from        amongst the set of signature sequences.    -   19. A receiving method for detecting and recovering payload data        and emergency information from a received signal that has been        transmitted using data symbols in a single-carrier or        multi-carrier broadcast system, the receiving method comprising    -   detecting the received signal, the received signal comprising        the payload data and signaling data for use in detecting and        recovering the payload data, the signaling data being carried by        one or more transmission symbols and the payload data being        carried by one or more transmission symbols, wherein emergency        information carrying information of an actual emergency is        embedded into one or more transmission symbols,    -   detecting and recovering the emergency information from the one        or more transmission symbols,    -   recovering the signaling data from the one or more transmission        symbol for recovering the payload data from the one or more        transmission symbols, and    -   outputting the emergency information and/or predetermined        emergency output information provided for being output in case        of the detection of emergency information.    -   20. A transmitter for transmitting payload data and emergency        information using data symbols in a multi-carrier broadcast        system, the transmitter comprising    -   a modulator configured to modulate one or more transmission        symbols with signaling data for use in detecting and recovering        the payload data at a receiver and to modulate one or more        transmission symbols with the payload data,    -   an emergency information receiver configured to receive        emergency information carrying information of an actual        emergency,    -   an emergency information embedder configured to embed emergency        information into one or more transmission symbols modulated with        payload data, wherein the emergency information is embedded        within a predetermined time period after its reception by        providing a number of additional subcarriers carrying said        emergency information, said subcarriers being provided at an        edge of the spectrum used for transmission and/or spread across        the subcarriers carrying the payload data, and    -   a transmission unit configured to transmit the transmission        symbols.    -   21. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium that        stores therein a computer program product, which, when executed        by a processor, causes the method according to embodiment 14, 19        or 20 to be performed.    -   22. A computer program comprising program code means for causing        a computer to perform the steps of said method according to        embodiment 14, 19 or 20 when said computer program is carried        out on a computer.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A receiver for detecting and recoveringpayload data and emergency information from a received signal that hasbeen transmitted using data symbols in a single-carrier or multi-carrierbroadcast system, the receiver comprising: circuitry configured todetect the received signal, the received signal comprising one or moreframes, each frame having a frame signaling portion followed by a framepayload portion, the frame payload portion including the payload dataand the frame signaling portion including signaling data for use indetecting and recovering the payload data, wherein an emergency stateindicator comprising a first constant amplitude zero autocorrelation(CAZAC) sequence is included in the signaling data and emergencyinformation carrying information of an emergency is included in thesignaling data or the payload data; and detect and recover the emergencyinformation from the signaling data or the payload data based on thefirst CAZAC sequence, wherein, in response to a determination that theemergency state indicator comprises the first CAZAC sequence, anemergency state is detected, and, in response to a determination thatthe emergency state indicator comprises a second CAZAC sequence, anon-emergency state is detected; a demodulator configured to recover thesignaling data and the payload data; and emergency information outputcircuitry configured to output the emergency information in case of thedetection of the emergency information.
 2. The receiver as claimed inclaim 1, wherein the circuitry is further configured to evaluate thedetected emergency information if the emergency is relevant for a userof the receiver, wherein the emergency information output circuitry isconfigured to output the emergency information only if the emergency hasbeen found relevant for the user.
 3. The receiver as claimed in claim 1,wherein the circuitry is further configured to detect the emergencystate indicator from the signaling data, the emergency state indicatorindicating that the emergency information is embedded in one or moresubsequent transmission symbols, wherein the emergency informationoutput circuitry is configured to output the emergency information onlyif the emergency state indicator and the emergency information have beendetected.
 4. The receiver as claimed in claim 3, wherein the circuitrycomprises: a matched filter having an impulse response which has beenmatched to a differentially encoded signature sequence representing theemergency state indicator such that an output of the matched filtergenerates a signal representing a correlation of the differentiallyencoded signature sequence with the received signal which isdifferentially encoded, wherein the signature sequence comprises one ofa set of signature sequences, the signature sequence being combined withone or more transmission symbols carrying the emergency state indicator,so that the receiver can detect and recover the signaling data from theone or more transmission symbols and the signature sequences of the setprovide the emergency state indicator to the receiver; and the circuitryis further configured to detect and recover the emergency information byidentifying the signature sequence from amongst the set of signaturesequences.
 5. The receiver as claimed in claim 1, wherein the emergencyinformation is decoded from resources associated with signaling and/orpayload data.
 6. The receiver as claimed in claim 1, wherein the firstCAZAC sequence and the second CAZAC sequence are selected from aplurality of CAZAC sequences.
 7. The receiver as claimed in claim 6,wherein each of the plurality of CAZAC sequences corresponds to adifferent message that is associated in the receiver with the respectiveCAZAC sequence, such that detection of the selected CAZAC sequenceindicates to the receiver the message associated with the selected CAZACsequence.
 8. The receiver as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first CAZACsequence is used in the receiver for frame synchronization.
 9. Thereceiver as claimed in claim 7, wherein one of the plurality of CAZACsequences is associated with an early warning of a possible emergencysituation.
 10. The receiver as claimed in claim 1, wherein the framesignaling portion is disposed at a head end of each of the one or moreframes.
 11. A receiving method for detecting and recovering payload dataand emergency information from a received signal that has beentransmitted using data symbols in a single-carrier or multi-carrierbroadcast system, the receiving method comprising: detecting thereceived signal, the received signal comprising one or more frames, eachframe having a frame signaling portion followed by a frame payloadportion, the frame payload portion including the payload data and theframe signaling portion including signaling data for use in detectingand recovering the payload data, wherein an emergency state indicatorcomprising a first constant amplitude zero autocorrelation (CAZAC)sequence is included in the signaling data and emergency informationcarrying information of an emergency is included in the signaling dataor the payload data; detecting and recovering the emergency informationfrom the signaling data or the payload data based on the first CAZACsequence, wherein, in response to a determination that the emergencystate indicator comprises the first CAZAC sequence, an emergency stateis detected, and, in response to a determination that the emergencystate indicator comprises a second CAZAC sequence, a non-emergency stateis detected; recovering the signaling data and the payload data; andoutputting the emergency information in case of the detection of theemergency information.
 12. The method as claimed in claim 11, whereinthe emergency information is decoded from resources associated withsignaling and/or payload data.
 13. The method as claimed in claim 11,wherein the first CAZAC sequence and the second CAZAC sequence areselected from a plurality of CAZAC sequences.
 14. The method as claimedin claim 13, wherein each of the plurality of CAZAC sequencescorresponds to a different message that is associated with therespective CAZAC sequence, such that detection of the selected CAZACsequence indicates the message associated with the selected CAZACsequence.
 15. The method as claimed in claim 11, wherein the first CAZACsequence is used for frame synchronization.
 16. The method as claimed inclaim 14, wherein one of the plurality of CAZAC sequences is associatedwith an early warning of a possible emergency situation.
 17. The methodas claimed in claim 11, wherein the frame signaling portion is disposedat a head end of each of the one or more frames.
 18. A non-transitorycomputer-readable recording medium that stores therein a computerprogram product, which, when executed by a processor, causes the methodaccording to claim 11 to be performed.